Internal Security

Comprehensive Coverage for UPSC CSE Mains 2024

> PRAHAAR ReDefined 3.0 - Complete Internal Security Module

🎯 Quick Revision Resource

🛡️ Internal Security Prelims Rapid Revision — PYQ-based patterns for Cyber Security, Security Forces, Border Management, Insurgency

🎯 PYQs — Internal Security (20+ Questions in 2015-2023)

Most Asked Topics:

• Cyber Security (IT Act sections, CERT-In, data protection) [PYQ 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021]
• Security Forces (BSF, ITBP, NIA, jurisdiction) [PYQ 2016, 2019, 2020]
• Border Management (CIBMS, maritime security) [PYQ 2018, 2022]
• Money Laundering (PMLA, FATF) [PYQ 2019, 2021]

Common Traps:

• ❌ CERT-In under MeitY (NOT MHA)
• ❌ ITBP guards China border (NOT BSF)
• ❌ ED under Finance Ministry (NOT MHA)
• ✅ Bangladesh is LONGEST land border (NOT China)
• ✅ Section 66A IT Act STRUCK DOWN (Shreya Singhal 2015)

Table of Contents

Core Concepts

1. Basics of Security
2. Principles of India's Security Policy
3. Hybrid Warfare

Major Threats 4. Left-Wing Extremism (Naxalism) 5. Insurgency in North-East India | Detailed Coverage ? 6. Militancy in Jammu & Kashmir 7. Terrorism

Emerging Challenges 8. Cyber Security 9. Role of Media & Social Networking 10. Money Laundering & Black Money

Border & Organized Crime 11. Border Management 12. Organized Crime & Terrorism Linkages

Institutional Framework 13. Security Forces & Agencies 14. Police Reforms 15. Defence Indigenization & Modernization

Key Phrases for UPSC Mains

Master These Terms

• Credible deterrence
• Strategic autonomy
• No-First Use Policy
• SAMADHAN Doctrine (S-Smart Leadership, A-Aggressive strategies, M-Motivation & Training, A-Actionable Intelligence, D-Dashboard Based KPI, H-Harnessing Technology, A-Action plan, N-No access to finance)
• Hybrid Warfare
• Fourth Generation Warfare
• Soft State
• Red Corridor
• Jal-Jangal-Jameen (3Js)
• Inner Line Permit (ILP)
• SMART Policing (Strict & Sensitive, Modern & Mobile, Alert & Accountable, Reliable & Responsive, Techno-savvy & Trained)

BASICS OF SECURITY

Introduction and Meaning

Internal Security:

• Act of preserving and maintaining the unity and integrity of the state
• Maintaining law and order within the territory
• Upholding sovereignty from disruptive and anti-national forces

External Security:

• Protecting country against external threats from foreign countries
• Dealing with terrorism, war, and foreign aggression

Key Components:

• Peace at borders and maintenance of law and order
• Collaboration between internal security forces and external forces
• Intelligence agencies coordination
• Economic growth and increased income levels

• Cyber attacks :::

Security Threats: Visualized

:::

Factors Responsible for Internal Security Problems

Social Factors:

• Communal divide and religious tensions
• Caste-based conflicts
• Poor human capital development
• Social media misuse and fake news
• Regional disparities

Economic Factors:

• Unemployment and demographic disaster
• Income inequality
• Poverty and lack of opportunities
• Regional economic disparity

Political Factors:

• Inter-state disputes (boundaries, water)
• Separatist tendencies
• Vote bank politics
• Administrative and governance failures
• Criminalization of politics (4,984 criminal charges against legislators as of Dec 2021)

Ideological Factors:

• Religious fundamentalism
• Maoism and left-wing extremism
• Pan-Islamic ideology

External Factors:

• Unfriendly neighbors (Pakistan's proxy war)
• Porous borders (Myanmar, Pakistan, Bangladesh)
• NGO interference
• Fourth Generation Warfare

Environmental Factors:

• Climate change-induced migration
• Disaster risks
• Resource scarcity

Measures to Strengthen Internal Security

Legislative Measures:

• Section 153A IPC: Prohibits creating disharmony between groups
• Section 123(3A) of RPA, 1951: Electoral provisions
• Section 69A of IT Act, 2000: Content blocking
• IT Rules 2021: Social media regulation

Administrative Reforms:SMART Policing : Strict & Sensitive, Modern & Mobile, Alert & Accountable, Reliable & Responsive, Techno-savvy & Trained

• Criminal justice system reform
• National Counter-Terrorism Centre
• Border management improvements

Economic Measures:

• Targeted poverty reduction
• Black money curbing (FEOA 2018, Benami Act 2016, PMLA 2002)
• Employment generation

Military & Intelligence:

• CAPF reforms
• Border infrastructure (BRO)
• Smart fencing and technology integration
• NATGRID for integrated intelligence

Government Initiatives

Key Programs:UAPA Amendment Act, 2019 : Enhanced NIA powers SAMADHAN Initiative : Holistic LWE strategy Modernization of Police : ASMP scheme Operation Clean Money : Cash transaction monitoring Civic Action Programme : Development in affected areas CCTNS : Crime tracking network CERT-In : Cyber security response

• National Cyber Security Policy 2020Aspirational Districts Programme : Holistic development PM GATISHAKTI : Infrastructure coordination PM DevINE : North-East development

PRINCIPLES OF INDIA'S SECURITY POLICY

Nuclear Doctrine of India

Core Principles:

1. No First Use (NFU):

   • Nuclear weapons only as retaliation
   • Retaliation against nuclear attack on Indian territory or forces

2. Credible Minimum Deterrence:

   • Minimum nuclear arsenal needed to deter adversaries
   • Second-strike capability

3. Nuclear Deterrence of CBW:

   • Option to use nuclear weapons against chemical/biological warfare

4. Massive Retaliation:

   • Unacceptable damage to adversary
   • Ensures deterrence

5. Command Control:

   • Political leadership controls nuclear deterrents
   • Nuclear Command Authority (Political + Executive Council)

6. Not Against Non-Nuclear States:

   • Commitment not to use against non-nuclear states

7. Multilateral Disarmament:

   • Support for global non-discriminatory disarmament

8. Non-Proliferation:

   • Strict export controls on nuclear and missile materials

Advantages of NFU:

• Reduces infrastructure costs
• Saves India from war initiation blame
• No chance of false alarm launches
• Builds international image
• Demonstrates responsible nuclear power

Disadvantages:

• Removes strategic ambiguity
• Allows continued aggression from adversaries
• Difficult to survive first attack
• Inefficiency of deterrence against conventional attacks

HYBRID WARFARE

Concept and Dimensions

Definition:

• Combination of conventional and unconventional warfare tools
• Economic warfare, cyber attacks, lone wolf attacks, local unrest support

Examples:

• Russian cyber attacks
• Chinese "debt trap" diplomacy
• Information warfare
• Proxy wars

Key Dimensions:Multiple Attack Vectors : Economic, cyber, asymmetric Difficult to Trace : Non-state actors, cyber origins Hard to Retaliate : Ambiguity in attribution Targets Vulnerabilities : Social fault lines, cyber weaknesses Democratic Undermining : Coups, misinformation Flexibility : Multiple simultaneous fronts Long-term Strategy : Low visibility, fewer casualties Psychological Warfare : Social media, ideological attraction

India's Response:

• Wholesome approach across ministries
• Civilian-sensitive forces
• Regular vulnerability assessments
• Armed forces training in new technologies
• Cyber infrastructure building
• Strengthening democratic institutions

LEFT-WING EXTREMISM (NAXALISM)

Introduction and Evolution

Origin:

• 1967 Naxalbari uprising in West Bengal
• Leaders: Charu Majumdar, Kanu Sanyal, Jangal Santhal
• Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) formed in 1969

Current Status:

• Red Corridor: Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Jharkhand, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh
• Violence declined 77% (2258 incidents in 2009 : 509 in 2021)
• Deaths declined 85% (1005 in 2010 : 147 in 2021)
• 90% fatalities in Chhattisgarh

Evolution Phases:

1. 1967-75: Peasant uprisings, CPI(ML) formation
2. 1975-2004: People's War Group (1980), MCCI strengthening
3. 2004 onwards: CPI(Maoist) merger, Red Corridor consolidation

Factors Responsible for Naxalism

Land-Related:

• Forest Conservation Act 1980 restrictions on tribals
• Jal-Jangal-Jameen (3Js) issues
• Land encroachment
• Non-regularization of traditional rights
• Inadequate compensation for acquisition

Political:

• Apathy towards tribal communities
• Lack of political participation
• Administrative failures

Economic:

• Poverty and unemployment
• Widening income gap
• Agrarian distress
• Lack of infrastructure (roads, electricity, healthcare, education)

Environmental:

• Mining and industrial activities
• Land and water resource destruction
• Displacement without rehabilitation

No access to finance :::

SAMADHAN Doctrine: Visualized

Key Initiatives:National Policy on LWE 2015 : Holistic plan Aspirational Districts Programme : Development focus Civic Action Programme : Bridging gap with locals Operation Green Hunt : Security forces deployment Infrastructure Development : Roads, schools, electricity

• CRPF/BSF "Winning Hearts and Minds" projects :::

Issues and Way Forward

Challenges:

• Difficult terrain
• Local support to Naxalites
• Slow developmental pace
• Inter-state coordination issues
• Human rights concerns

Way Forward:Development Focus : Convert vicious cycle to virtuous cycle Community Participation : Include locals in governance Land Reforms : Resolve 3Js issues Livelihood : Employment and skill development Infrastructure : Roads, telecom, electricity Coordination : Better centre-state cooperation Humane Approach : Avoid human rights violations Surrender & Rehabilitation : Effective rehabilitation schemes

INSURGENCY IN NORTH-EAST INDIA

Historical Background and Importance

Historical Context:

• Integration post-independence
• Inner Line Permit system
• Article 371 special provisions
• Sixth Schedule autonomous councils

Strategic Importance:

• Gateway to South-East Asia
• Act East Policy corridor
• Rich biodiversity and natural resources
• Cultural diversity (200+ tribes)
• Border with China, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Bhutan

Constitutional Provisions:Article 371A : Nagaland special provisions Article 371B : Assam special provisions
Article 371C : Manipur special provisions Article 371G : Mizoram special provisions Sixth Schedule : Tribal autonomous councils

Factors Responsible for Insurgency

Political:

• Delayed statehood demands
• Perceived neglect by center
• Poor governance
• Corruption

Economic:

• Underdevelopment
• Lack of industrialization
• Poor connectivity
• Limited employment

Social:

• Ethnic conflicts
• Immigration issues (especially from Bangladesh)
• Cultural preservation concerns
• Tribal vs non-tribal tensions

External:

• China's support to insurgent groups
• Myanmar's porous border
• Pakistan's ISI involvement
• Bangladesh infiltration

Historical:

• Forced merger concerns
• British colonial policies
• Partition trauma

State-Wise Insurgency Status

Assam:

• ULFA (United Liberation Front of Assam)
• Immigration issues (Bangladeshi infiltration)
• Bodo insurgency (now resolved via Bodo Accord 2020)

Nagaland:

• Naga insurgency (oldest in India since 1950s)
• NSCN(IM) peace talks ongoing
• Framework Agreement 2015
• Separate flag and constitution demand

Manipur:

• Ethnic conflicts (Meitei, Naga, Kuki)
• UNLF, PLA, PREPAK groups
• Border disputes with Nagaland

Tripura:

• NLFT (National Liberation Front of Tripura)
• Insurgency largely controlled
• Immigration concerns

Mizoram:

• Largely peaceful post-1986 Mizo Accord
• Success story of conflict resolution

Meghalaya:

• HNLC (Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council)
• Low-intensity insurgency
• Border disputes with Assam

Major Initiatives for North-East

Development:PM DevINE : ?1,500 crore scheme

• North East Special Infrastructure Development Scheme (NESIDS)DONER Ministry : Dedicated ministry North Eastern Council : Planning body

Connectivity:Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project : To Myanmar

• India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway
• Trans-Arunachal HighwayRailways Expansion : Bogibeel Bridge Air Connectivity : UDAN scheme

Security:AFSPA : Partial removal in some areas Peace Accords : Bodo Accord 2020, Bru-Reang settlement Ceasefire Agreements : NSCN(IM), others Coordinated Operations : With Myanmar, Bangladesh

Social:Cultural Preservation : Support for tribal culture Education : IIT Guwahati, NIT Silchar, etc. Healthcare : Medical colleges expansion

Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA), 1958

Provisions:

• Declare areas as "disturbed"
• Armed forces can arrest without warrant
• Search premises without warrant
• Shoot to kill (if necessary for maintaining order)
• Protection from prosecution (need GoI sanction)

Arguments in Favor:

• Necessary for counter-insurgency operations
• Protects armed forces from malicious prosecution
• Deters insurgents
• Facilitates quick action

Arguments Against:

• Human rights violations (fake encounters)
• Lack of accountability
• Irom Sharmila's 16-year fast
• Manorama case (2004)
• UN criticism
• Perpetuates cycle of violence

Recent Developments:

• Removed from Meghalaya (2018)
• Partially lifted in Arunachal Pradesh
• Reduced area in Nagaland, Assam
• Demands for complete repeal continue

Way Forward:

• Time-bound review of disturbed areas
• Accountability mechanisms
• Replace with humane law
• Focus on development over militarization

MILITANCY IN JAMMU & KASHMIR

Factors Responsible

Historical:

• Accession controversy (1947)
• Article 370 provisions
• Plebiscite promise (unfulfilled)
• 1965, 1971, 1999 wars

Political:

• Rigged elections (1987 elections watershed)
• Political instability
• Governor's rule frequently
• Lack of good governance

External:

• Pakistan's proxy war
• ISI support to militants
• Training camps in PoK
• China's tacit support

Social:

• Radicalization of youth
• Hawkish narrative
• Pellet gun injuries
• Civilian casualties

Economic:

• Underdevelopment in certain areas
• Unemployment
• Tourism disruption
• Investment deterrence

Kashmir: Battleground of Proxy War

Pakistan's Strategy:1990s : Peak of militancy (Kashmiri Pandits exodus) Infiltration : Through LoC, tunnels Terror Groups : LeT, JeM, HM, Al-Badr Stone Pelting : Using youth as shield Narrative Building : International forums

Major Attacks:

• 2001 Parliament Attack
• 2008 Mumbai Attacks
• 2016 Uri Attack
• 2019 Pulwama Attack

India's Response:

• Surgical Strikes (2016)
• Balakot Air Strike (2019)
• Article 370 Abrogation (2019)
• Counter-infiltration grid
• Zero tolerance for terror

Removal of Article 370 and Impact

Article 370 Abrogation (August 5, 2019):

• J&K bifurcated into 2 UTs (J&K and Ladakh)
• Special status removed
• Indian laws fully applicable
• Article 35A also nullified

Expected Impact on Militancy:

• Positive:

  • Integration with national mainstream
  • Economic development boost
  • Land reforms
  • Investment opportunities
  • Rule of law strengthening

• Challenges:

  • Initial lockdown and communication blockade
  • Political leaders' detention
  • International criticism (especially Pakistan)
  • Local resentment
  • Need for political process restoration

Recent Trends:

• Targeted killings of minorities, migrants
• Hybrid terrorists emerging
• Drone attacks increasing
• But overall violence decreasing

Strategies to Counter Militancy

Security Measures:

• Enhanced surveillance
• Intelligence-based operations
• Counter-infiltration grid
• Technology use (drones, sensors)
• Border fencing and lighting

Government Initiatives:PMDP : Prime Minister's Development Package Back to Village Programme : Grassroots engagement UDBP : Urban Development projects Rehabilitation : Surrender policy De-radicalization : Countering extremist ideology

Civic Engagement:

• Sports activities for youth
• Skill development programs
• Employment generation
• Cultural programs
• Educational opportunities

Way Forward:

• Restore political process
• Grassroots democracy (Panchayat elections held)
• Economic development
• End cross-border terrorism
• Dialogue with all stakeholders
• Address genuine grievances

Defence Equipment & Technology

Strategic Trade Authorisation-1 (STA-1)

Added by : USA recently Countries in list : 36 countries India's previous status : In STA-2 with 7 other countries Significance : ONLY South Asian country in STA-1 Other Asian countries : Japan, South Korea Requirement : Countries must have signed 4 export control regimes (NOT 4 foundational agreements) Coverage : Both defence and non-defence products Benefit : 50% of presently traded products eligible under STA-1

MPATGM (Man Portable Anti Tank Guided Missile)

Developed by : DRDO - indigenous Type : Third generation ATGM with HEAT warhead Principle : 'Fire and Forget' Maximum range : 2.5 km

M-777 Ultra-light Howitzer

Manufactured by : British MNC Material : Partly made of titanium, very lightweight Advantage : Can be airlifted to high altitudes Purpose : Effective in mountain warfare Range : 25 km

NASAMS-2

Full form : National Advanced Surface to Air Missile System Context : India considering procurement from USA Purpose : To protect NCR from air attack

Switch UAV

Type : Mini UAV for high altitude aerial surveillance Inducted in : Indian Army

Border Management Technology

CIBMS (Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System)

Components ?

• Laser-guided surveillance for borders
• Smart fencing
• Web of surveillance, communication and data storage devices Advantages ?
• Enables surveillance in harsh environment
• Reduces need for physical patrolling
• Thermal imaging, infrared, laser-based intruder alarms

BOLD-QIT

Full form : Border Electronically Dominated QRT Interception Technique Under : CIBMS Purpose : Project along riverine border with Bangladesh Location : Area near Dhubri where Brahmaputra enters Bangladesh (not feasible to construct border fencing) By : MoHA

Security Indices & Reports

Global Terrorism Index (GTI)

By : Institute for Economics & Peace (IEP)

Global Peace Index

By : Institute for Economics & Peace

Internet Inclusive Index

By : The Economist Intelligence Unit India's rank (2019) : 47th Topper : Sweden 4 criteria : Accessibility, Affordability, Relevance, Readiness

Cape Town Agreement

Adopted by : International Maritime Organisation (IMO) Purpose : Safety of fishing vessels Also helps : Combat IUU fishing Context : India shown interest to ratify CTA

National Security Structure

3-Tier Structure of India's Security

Meetings : At least once a month

National Security Structure: Visualized

:::

Snooping Powers to Central Agencies

Vested under : Section 69 of IT Act, 2000 Penalty for non-compliance : 7 years jail 10 agencies authorized ?

1. Intelligence Bureau
2. Narcotics Control Bureau
3. Enforcement Directorate
4. CBDT
5. Directorate of Revenue Intelligence
6. CBI
7. NIA
8. Cabinet Secretariat (RAW)
9. Directorate of Signal Intelligence (for J&K, Assam and NE only)
10. Delhi Commissioner

Strategic Partnership Model

Purpose : Selection of Indian private company to tie up with shortlisted Global OEM for manufacturing in India with technology transfer 4 Segments : Submarines, Single Engine Fighter Aircraft, Helicopter, Main Battle Tanks Suggested by : Dhirendra Singh Committee Introduced by : Defence Procurement Policy, 2016 FDI cap : 49%

Logistics Agreements

India has LA with : USA, France, Indonesia, Philippines, Oman, Singapore (IF SOUP) Under consideration : Russia, Australia Purpose : Administrative arrangements for access to each other's military facilities for fuel and rations

Mission Raksha Gyan Shakti

By : Dept of Defence Production Purpose : Inculcate IPR culture in Indian defence manufacturing ecosystem Implementation : Directorate General of Quality Assurance

Mission Shakti

Countries with Anti-Satellite Missiles : USA, Russia, China, India

Defence Planning Committee

Created : 2018 Purpose : Comprehensive planning for defence forces, deal with emergency situations Functions : Prepare National Security Strategy, work on defence diplomacy, improve defence manufacturing ecosystem Chair : National Security Advisor Secretary : Chief of Integrated Staff in MoDefence Members : Foreign Secretary, 3 service chiefs (COAS, CNS, CAS), Secretary DoExpenditure

Military Exercises (2018-2020)

Major Bilateral Exercises

• Yudh Abhyas: India-USA (Army)
• Vajra Prahar: India-USA (Army)
• Malabar: India-Japan-USA (Navy)
• Surya Kiran: India-Nepal (Army)
• Maitree: India-Thailand (Army)
• Hand-in-Hand: India-China (Army)
• Nomadic Elephant: India-Mongolia (Army)
• SLINEX: India-Sri Lanka (Navy)
• JIMEX: India-Japan (Navy)
• SAMPRITI: India-Bangladesh (Army)
• Exercise SHAKTI: India-France (Army)
• Exercise Garuda: India-France (Air Force)
• Indra: India-Russia (Tri-Services)
• KONKAN: India-UK (Navy)
• Dustlik: India-Uzbekistan (First ever)
• IBSAMAR: India-Brazil-South Africa (Navy)

Multilateral & Special Exercises

• MILAN: Multilateral naval exercise hosted by Indian Navy
• TSENTR 2019: SCO exercise - Russia, China, India, Pakistan, Central Asian states
• Tiger Triumph: First ever India-US tri-service joint exercise
• CT-TTX: First counter-terrorism exercise for Quad countries
• Exercise Sea Vigil: Indian Coast Guards, Army, Air Force, Navy
• IndSpaceEx: India's first-ever simulated space warfare exercise
• Operation Him Vijaya: Test offensive capabilities against China in Arunachal

Revision Strategy

Priority Topics: Naxalism (SAMADHAN), Hybrid Warfare, NFU Policy, AFSPA, Article 370 impact! Remember Numbers: LWE violence down 77%, Red Corridor coverage! Defence: STA-1 requirements, Strategic Partnership Model 4 segments, CIBMS components, BOLD-QIT location! Exercises: Malabar (USA-Japan), SLINEX (Sri Lanka), SAMPRITI (Bangladesh), JIMEX (Japan), Dustlik (Uzbekistan first)! Structure: NSC 3-tier, 10 snooping agencies! Missiles: MPATGM range 2.5km, M-777 range 25km!

Border Management (Complete)

India's Land Borders

• Bangladesh: Border Length (km): 4,096 (Longest). Border Force: BSF
• China: Border Length (km): 3,488. Border Force: ITBP (LAC guarded by Army)
• Pakistan: Border Length (km): 3,323. Border Force: BSF (LOC guarded by Army)
• Nepal: Border Length (km): 1,751. Border Force: SSB
• Myanmar: Border Length (km): 1,643. Border Force: Assam Rifles
• Bhutan: Border Length (km): 699. Border Force: SSB
• Afghanistan: Border Length (km): 106. Border Force: -

Department of Border Management → Deals with international land AND coastal borders

Border Lines

• Durand Line: Between: Afghanistan-Pakistan (formerly British India). Year: 1893, Sir Mortimer Durand
• McMahon Line: Between: India-China/Tibet. Year: 1914, Simla Accord (China doesn't accept)
• Radcliffe Line: Between: India-Pakistan. Year: 1947, Sir Cyril Radcliffe

Indian Coast Guard (ICG)

• Established: August 18, 1978 (Coast Guard Act, 1978)
• Ministry: Ministry of Defence (NOT Home Affairs)
• Jurisdiction: Includes India's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
• Role: Maritime security, anti-smuggling, anti-piracy

Coastal Security

3-Tier Security Structure:

1. Police Force → State level
2. Indian Coast Guard → Middle tier
3. Indian Navy → Outermost defense

Apex Body: NCSMCS (National Committee for Strengthening Maritime and Coastal Security) → Headed by Cabinet Secretary

Technical Measures:

• Automatic Identification System (AIS) receivers
• Coastal radars
• Night vision cameras
• Fishermen ID cards with centralized database

Proposed: Coastal Border Police Force (CBPF)

CIBMS (Complete)

Full form: Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System

3 Components:

1. Surveillance Devices → Sensors, detectors, cameras, ground-based radar, micro-aerostats, lasers, thermal imaging, infrared
2. Communication Network → Fibre optic cables + satellite communication
3. Command & Control Centre → Data aggregation, composite picture of border

Advantages:

• Surveillance in harsh environment
• Reduces physical patrolling need
• Round-the-clock monitoring

Cyber Security

CERT-In (Indian Computer Emergency Response Team)

• Under: Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY)
• NOT under Ministry of Home Affairs
• Provision: Section 70B of IT Act, 2000
• Role: Securing Indian cyberspace

Cyber Swachhta Kendra

• Part of Digital India initiative
• Purpose: Detect botnet infections in India
• Operated by: CERT-In
• Clean and secure end-user systems

CCTNS (Crime and Criminal Tracking Network System)

• Conceptualized by: Ministry of Home Affairs
• Type: Mission Mode Project (MMP) since 2009
• Implementation Agency: NCRB

Objectives:

• Citizen-centric police services via web portal
• Pan-India search on national crime database
• Computerization of police processes

Budapest Convention

• Nature: International instrument on cybercrime
• Formed by: Council of Europe (NOT UN)
• India's status: NOT a member (reconsidering due to surge in cybercrime)
• IB opposition: Sharing data with foreign agencies may jeopardize sovereignty and individual rights

Border Roads Organisation (BRO)

BRO Facts

• Established: May 1960
• Ministry: Ministry of Defence (NOT Road Transport)
• Purpose:
  • Accelerate economic development
  • Strengthen defence preparedness
  • Road connectivity in northern and northeastern border areas

Government Initiatives

Atal Bhujal Yojana (ABHY)

• Type: Central Sector Scheme
• Ministry: Ministry of Jal Shakti (formerly Water Resources)
• Purpose: Sustainable groundwater management with community participation
• Funding: 50:50 between GoI and World Bank (NOT ADB)
• Duration: 2018-19 to 2022-23

Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan

• Type: Centrally Sponsored Scheme
• Coverage: Pre-school to Class XII
• Subsumes 3 schemes:
  1. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)
  2. Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA)
  3. Teacher Education (TE)
• Purpose: Inclusive and equitable quality education at all school levels

BADP (Border Area Development Programme)

• Ministry: Department of Border Management, MHA
• Type: Centrally Sponsored Scheme (NOT Central Sector)
• Purpose: Meet special developmental needs of remote border areas

States Sharing Border with Myanmar

Myanmar Border States

States sharing border with Myanmar (1,643 km):

1. Arunachal Pradesh
2. Nagaland
3. Manipur
4. Mizoram

Border Force: Assam Rifles