Caste System & Social Hierarchy

Overview

Cue Words	Notes
Shifting Nature of Caste	Traditional caste was defined by rigid ritual hierarchy, birth-based occupational division, and purity-pollution guidelines. In modern India, it is transitioning into a political interest group and vote bank, where ritual rules are diluted but caste identity is actively mobilized for democratic representation, resources, and reservation.

1. Sociological Perspectives

Cue Words	Notes
G.S. Ghurye (Indological)	Described caste through six features: segmental division of society, hierarchy, restrictions on feeding and social intercourse (commensality), civil and religious disabilities, lack of unrestricted choice of occupation, and endogamy.
M.N. Srinivas (Structural-Functional)	Introduced Sanskritization (positional mobility of lower castes) and Dominant Caste (castes with numerical strength, land ownership, and high political/economic power, e.g., Yadavs, Jats, Patidars, Marathas, Vokkaligas).
Louis Dumont (Structuralist)	Argued in Homo Hierarchicus that the core logic of caste is the binary opposition of Purity and Pollution, where ritual status is superior to secular power (political/economic).
Andre Beteille	Studied the intersection of Caste, Class, and Power (Sripuram study), highlighting the shift from a "closed" stratification system (where all three coincided) to a more "open" system in modern India.

2. Structural Features

Cue Words	Notes
Endogamy	Rule of marrying within one's own caste or sub-caste (jati). B.R. Ambedkar identified it as the "essence of caste" that sustains its division.
Ascribed Status	Caste status is fixed by birth and cannot be changed through personal effort, education, or wealth, unlike class status (which is achieved).
Commensality	Customary rules governing who can sit, eat, and drink water together, maintaining "ritual distance" to prevent pollution.
Jajmani System	Traditional rural patron-client network of reciprocal economic relationships where serving castes (kamins) provided services to landowning castes (jajmans) in exchange for grain or shares of harvest.

3. Untouchability & Legal Safeguards

Cue Words	Notes
Article 17	Explicitly abolishes "Untouchability" and forbids its practice in any form. It is a fundamental right enforceable against both the state and private individuals, and is the only absolute, non-derogable right in Part III.
Protection of Civil Rights Act (1955)	Originally the Untouchability (Offences) Act, 1955; prescribes penalties for refusing access to public places, water bodies, or temples.
SC/ST Act (1989)	Provides stringent punishments for specific caste-based crimes, establishes special courts for speedy trials, and forbids anticipatory bail for accused individuals.
Ambedkarite Movement	Emphasizes self-assertion through the slogan "Educate, Agitate, Organize", rejection of Hindu ritualism, and mass conversion to Buddhism (1956) to break free from caste hierarchy.

4. Contemporary Dynamics

Cue Words	Notes
Politicization of Caste	Use of caste identity as a tool for electoral mobilization ("vote banks") and collective bargaining for reservations (e.g., Jat, Patidar, Maratha reservation protests).
Urbanization & Anonymity	Urban life, public transport, workplaces, and food delivery systems dilute traditional purity-pollution practices, shifting focus from ritual purity to economic survival.
Caste vs Class	Emergence of a secular, educated middle class where professional qualifications compete with caste identity, though caste endogamy remains highly resilient in matrimonial choices.

5. Reservation Policy Framework

Cue Words	Notes
Kaka Kalelkar Commission (1953)	First Backward Classes Commission set up under Article 340; identified 2,399 backward castes but its report was not implemented due to lack of consensus on criteria.
Mandal Commission (1979/1990)	Second Backward Classes Commission chaired by B.P. Mandal; recommended 27% reservation for Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in central government jobs, implemented in 1990.
Indra Sawhney Case (1992)	Supreme Court upheld 27% OBC reservation, introduced the "creamy layer" exclusion principle, and capped total reservations at 50% (with exceptions in extraordinary circumstances).
103rd Constitutional Amendment (2019)	Introduced 10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) among general category citizens, based on economic criteria rather than caste, upheld by the Supreme Court in 2022.

UPSC High-Yield Recall

Cue Words	Notes
Article 17	Only article in the Constitution that abolishes a specific social practice without exception.
Dominant Caste	Concept used to explain why some "Backward" castes are politically and economically powerful.
Endogamy	Identified by B.R. Ambedkar as the "Essence of Caste".