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Judiciary and Judicial Review न्यायपालिका और न्यायिक समीक्षा ​

A. JUDICIAL REVIEW न्यायिक समीक्षा ​

A. JUDICIAL REVIEW न्यायिक समीक्षा ​

A. JUDICIAL REVIEW न्यायिक समीक्षा
Cue WordsNotes
Detail the concepts and significance of Concept and Scope अवधारणा और दायरा.
  • Concept and Scope अवधारणा और दायरा

    • • Examine the concept and scope of judicial review in India. (2024/15)

    • Discuss the evolution of judicial review in Indian constitutional jurisprudence. (22/15)

    • Critically analyze the doctrine of 'Basic Structure' enunciated by the Supreme Court. (21/20)

    • Examine the limits of judicial review in India. (20/15)

    • Discuss the American influence on judicial review in India. (19/15)

    • भारत में न्यायिक समीक्षा की अवधारणा और दायरे का परीक्षण कीजिए (2024/15)

    • भारतीय संवैधानिक न्यायशास्त्र में न्यायिक समीक्षा के विकास पर चर्चा कीजिए (22/15)

    • सुप्रीम कोर्ट द्वारा प्रतिपादित 'मूल संरचना' के सिद्धांत का समालोचनात्मक विश्लेषण कीजिए (21/20)

    • भारत में न्यायिक समीक्षा की सीमाओं का परीक्षण कीजिए (20/15)

    • भारत में न्यायिक समीक्षा पर अमेरिकी प्रभाव पर चर्चा कीजिए (19/15)

Detail the concepts and significance of Basic Structure Doctrine मूल संरचना सिद्धांत.
  • Basic Structure Doctrine मूल संरचना सिद्धांत

    • • Critically examine the Basic Structure doctrine in the context of constitutional amendments. (2024/20)

    • Discuss the evolution of Basic Structure doctrine from Golak Nath to Kesavananda Bharati. (22/15)

    • Examine the significance of the Minerva Mills case in elaborating Basic Structure. (21/15)

    • Critically analyze the elements constituting the Basic Structure. (20/15)

    • संवैधानिक संशोधनों के संदर्भ में मूल संरचना सिद्धांत का समालोचनात्मक परीक्षण कीजिए (2024/20)

    • गोलक नाथ से केशवानंद भारती तक मूल संरचना सिद्धांत के विकास पर चर्चा कीजिए (22/15)

    • मूल संरचना को विस्तृत करने में मिनर्वा मिल्स मामले के महत्व का परीक्षण कीजिए (21/15)

    • मूल संरचना का गठन करने वाले तत्वों का समालोचनात्मक विश्लेषण कीजिए (20/15)

B. JUDICIAL ACTIVISM न्यायिक सक्रियता ​

B. JUDICIAL ACTIVISM न्यायिक सक्रियता ​

B. JUDICIAL ACTIVISM न्यायिक सक्रियता
Cue WordsNotes
Detail the concepts and significance of PIL and Judicial Activism PIL और न्यायिक सक्रियता.
  • PIL and Judicial Activism PIL और न्यायिक सक्रियता

    • • Examine the role of Public Interest Litigation in promoting social justice. (2024/15)

    • Discuss the contribution of judicial activism in protecting fundamental rights. (22/15)

    • Critically analyze whether judicial activism amounts to judicial overreach. (21/20)

    • Examine the concerns about judicial populism in India. (20/15)

    • Discuss the role of judiciary in expanding the ambit of Article 21. (19/15)

    • सामाजिक न्याय को बढ़ावा देने में जनहित याचिका की भूमिका का परीक्षण कीजिए (2024/15)

    • मौलिक अधिकारों की रक्षा में न्यायिक सक्रियता के योगदान पर चर्चा कीजिए (22/15)

    • समालोचनात्मक विश्लेषण कीजिए कि क्या न्यायिक सक्रियता न्यायिक अतिवाद है (21/20)

    • भारत में न्यायिक लोकपंथी चिंताओं का परीक्षण कीजिए (20/15)

    • अनुच्छेद 21 के दायरे को विस्तारित करने में न्यायपालिका की भूमिका पर चर्चा कीजिए (19/15)

Detail the concepts and significance of Separation of Powers शक्तियों का पृथक्करण.
  • Separation of Powers शक्तियों का पृथक्करण

    • • Examine the doctrine of separation of powers in the Indian context. (2024/15)

    • Discuss the relationship between the Legislature, Executive and Judiciary in India. (22/15)

    • Critically analyze instances of friction between the Judiciary and the Legislature. (21/15)

    • Examine the checks and balances mechanism in the Indian Constitution. (20/15)

    • भारतीय संदर्भ में शक्तियों के पृथक्करण के सिद्धांत का परीक्षण कीजिए (2024/15)

    • भारत में विधायिका, कार्यपालिका और न्यायपालिका के बीच संबंध पर चर्चा कीजिए (22/15)

    • न्यायपालिका और विधायिका के बीच घर्षण के उदाहरणों का समालोचनात्मक विश्लेषण कीजिए (21/15)

    • भारतीय संविधान में नियंत्रण और संतुलन तंत्र का परीक्षण कीजिए (20/15)

C. INDEPENDENCE OF JUDICIARY न्यायपालिका की स्वतंत्रता ​

C. INDEPENDENCE OF JUDICIARY न्यायपालिका की स्वतंत्रता ​

C. INDEPENDENCE OF JUDICIARY न्यायपालिका की स्वतंत्रता
Cue WordsNotes
Detail the concepts and significance of Collegium System कॉलेजियम प्रणाली.
  • Collegium System कॉलेजियम प्रणाली

    • • Critically examine the Collegium system of judicial appointments in India. (2024/20)

    • Discuss the controversy surrounding NJAC and its striking down by the Supreme Court. (22/15)

    • Examine the need for transparency in judicial appointments. (21/15)

    • Critically analyze the tension between judicial independence and judicial accountability. (20/15)

    • भारत में न्यायिक नियुक्तियों की कॉलेजियम प्रणाली का समालोचनात्मक परीक्षण कीजिए (2024/20)

    • NJAC और सुप्रीम कोर्ट द्वारा इसे रद्द करने से संबंधित विवाद पर चर्चा कीजिए (22/15)

    • न्यायिक नियुक्तियों में पारदर्शिता की आवश्यकता का परीक्षण कीजिए (21/15)

    • न्यायिक स्वतंत्रता और न्यायिक जवाबदेही के बीच तनाव का समालोचनात्मक विश्लेषण कीजिए (20/15)

Detail the concepts and significance of Judicial Accountability न्यायिक जवाबदेही.
  • Judicial Accountability न्यायिक जवाबदेही

    • • Discuss the mechanisms for ensuring judicial accountability in India. (22/15)

    • Examine the limitations of the impeachment process for judges. (21/15)

    • Critically analyze the need for a judicial standards and accountability bill. (20/15)

    • भारत में न्यायिक जवाबदेही सुनिश्चित करने के तंत्रों पर चर्चा कीजिए (22/15)

    • न्यायाधीशों के लिए महाभियोग प्रक्रिया की सीमाओं का परीक्षण कीजिए (21/15)

    • न्यायिक मानक और जवाबदेही विधेयक की आवश्यकता का समालोचनात्मक विश्लेषण कीजिए (20/15)

D. ACCESS TO JUSTICE न्याय तक पहुंच ​

D. ACCESS TO JUSTICE न्याय तक पहुंच ​

D. ACCESS TO JUSTICE न्याय तक पहुंच
Cue WordsNotes
Detail the concepts and significance of Pendency and Judicial Reforms लंबितता और न्यायिक सुधार.
  • Pendency and Judicial Reforms लंबितता और न्यायिक सुधार

    • • Examine the problem of judicial pendency and delays in India. (2024/15)

    • Discuss the measures required to improve access to justice for the poor. (22/15)

    • Critically analyze the efficacy of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms. (21/15)

    • Examine the role of Lok Adalats and Fast Track Courts in improving justice delivery. (20/15)

    • Discuss the role of Legal Aid in ensuring access to justice. (19/15)

    • भारत में न्यायिक लंबितता और देरी की समस्या का परीक्षण कीजिए (2024/15)

    • गरीबों के लिए न्याय तक पहुंच में सुधार के लिए आवश्यक उपायों पर चर्चा कीजिए (22/15)

    • वैकल्पिक विवाद समाधान तंत्र की प्रभावकारिता का समालोचनात्मक विश्लेषण कीजिए (21/15)

    • न्याय वितरण में सुधार में लोक अदालतों और फास्ट ट्रैक कोर्ट की भूमिका का परीक्षण कीजिए (20/15)

    • न्याय तक पहुंच सुनिश्चित करने में कानूनी सहायता की भूमिका पर चर्चा कीजिए (19/15)

Recall the DISHA Scheme and its citizen-centric legal service delivery components.
  • DISHA (Designing Innovative Solutions for Holistic Access to Justice): a 5-year (2021-2026) Government of India scheme to advance access to justice by consolidating citizen-centric legal service delivery initiatives, as reported to Lok Sabha (16 December 2022). 2022
  • Tele-Law (Reaching the Unreached): provides free video/tele-conferencing legal advice via Common Service Centres; operational in 1,00,000 Gram Panchayats across 755 districts (including 112 Aspirational Districts) in 36 States/UTs; 28 lakh beneficiaries advised as of 30 November 2022. 2022
  • Nyaya Bandhu (Pro Bono Legal Services): offers free legal assistance for marginalized sections via a mobile app; 5,202 Advocates registered as of 30 November 2022; 69 law schools have "Pro Bono Clubs". 2022
  • Legal Literacy and Legal Awareness programmes also operate under DISHA.

Original Jurisdiction: The Federal Arbiter ​

Original Jurisdiction: The Federal Arbiter ​

Original Jurisdiction: The Federal Arbiter
Cue WordsNotes
Analyze key facts and concepts related to Federal Disputes (Art 131).
  • Disputes between:
    1. Center and one or more States.
    2. Center and States vs other States.
    3. Two or more States.
  • Exclusion: Issues arising out of "Pre-constitutional treaties" or "Inter-state water disputes" (Art 262) are excluded.
Analyze key facts and concepts related to Writ Jurisdiction (Art 32).
  • Direct access to the SC for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights.
  • Concurrent Power: This is not exclusive; citizens can also go to the High Court under Art 226.
Analyze key facts and concepts related to Presidential Election.
  • The SC has the "Exclusive and Original" jurisdiction to decide disputes relating to the Election of the President and Vice-President.
  • Federal Arbiter Art 131: Union vs State.
  • Art 32 Direct-Access: Rights-enforcement bridge.
  • Exclusive Election-Arbiter: Safeguarding the Apex post.
Analyze key facts and concepts related to Conclusion.
  • Original Jurisdiction is the "Integrity Guard of the Union." Success lies in moving from "Constitutional deadlock" to "Clarity-Saturated & Law-Verified Federal Saturation."

PIL: The People’s Court ​

PIL: The People’s Court ​

PIL: The People’s Court
Cue WordsNotes
Analyze key facts and concepts related to The Core Shift.
  • Locus Standi: traditionally, only the "Affected Person" could go to court.
  • In PIL: any "Public-spirited citizen" or NGO can file a case on behalf of those who cannot access courts (the poor, the uneducated, or the illiterate).
Analyze key facts and concepts related to Significant Triumphs.
  • Human Rights: exposing the trial of "Under-trials" in jails (Hussainara Khatoon Case).
  • Environment: shifting polluting factories out of Delhi (M.C. Mehta cases).
  • Transparency: making candidate assets public and the "NOTA" option (PUCL cases).
Analyze key facts and concepts related to The Dark Side.
  • Judicial Overreach: Courts entering "Policy territory" (Executive domain) through PIL.
  • Frivolous Suits: "Paisa Interest Litigation" or "Publicity Interest Litigation" wasting judicial time.
  • Management: SC guidelines suggest heavy fines for "Manifestly frivolous" PILs.
  • Relaxed Locus-Standi: Rights for the many.
  • Judicial Governance: The Overreach trap.
  • Public-Spirited Proxy: NGO as Advocate.
Analyze key facts and concepts related to Conclusion.
  • PIL is the "Soul of Judicial Activism." Success lies in moving from "Frivolous noise" to "Justice-Saturated & Rights-Verified Public Saturation."

Judicial Reforms: Justice Delayed is Denied ​

Judicial Reforms: Justice Delayed is Denied ​

Judicial Reforms: Justice Delayed is Denied
Cue WordsNotes
Analyze key facts and concepts related to The Crisis of Backlog.
  • Pendency: >5 crore cases (majority in Subordinate courts).
  • Vacancy: Significant percentage of judge positions (especially in High Courts) remain unoccupied due to delays in the "Collegium-Executive" consultation.
Analyze key facts and concepts related to Key Areas of Reform.
  • Appointment (NJAC vs Collegium): The need for a "Transparent and Merit-based" system that balances executive input with judicial independence.
  • Technology (e-Courts): virtual hearings, digitalization of records, and AI-led tracking of case-age.
  • Language: Moving from "English-only" to "Regional languages" in HCs and SC for better accessibility.
Analyze key facts and concepts related to Institutional Shifts.
  • ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution): promoting Lok Adalats, Mediation, and Arbitration to reduce the burden on formal courts.
  • AIJS (All India Judicial Service): a proposed UPS-like entrance for district judges to professionalize the lower judiciary.
  • Collegium Impasse: The appointment block.
  • Digital Judiciary: e-Courts efficiency.
  • AIJS Professionalization: Standardized Merit.
Analyze key facts and concepts related to Conclusion.
  • Judicial Reform is the "Sanity of the State." Success lies in moving from "Pendency" to "Speed-Saturated & Fairness-Verified Justice Saturation."

The Judicial System: The Guardian of Law ​

The Judicial System: The Guardian of Law ​

The Judicial System: The Guardian of Law
Cue WordsNotes
Analyze key facts and concepts related to Hierarchy & Jurisdiction.
  • Supreme Court (Art 124-147): The apex; Original (Federal cases), Appellate (Civil/Criminal), and Advisory (Presidential referral) jurisdiction.
  • High Courts (Art 214-231): Writ jurisdiction (Art 226) is Broader than SC’s—HC can issue writs for legal rights, SC only for FRs.
  • Subordinate Courts: The foundation where the common citizen interacts first.
Analyze key facts and concepts related to Judicial Independence.
  • Security of Tenure: Removal only by Parliament (Impeachment-like process).
  • Financial Autonomy: Salaries charged on the Consolidated Fund (Not voted upon).
  • Separation from Executive (Art 50): ensured by the DPSP.
Analyze key facts and concepts related to Power of Review (Art 13/32/226).
  • Judicial Review: checking the "Constitutionality" of legislative and executive acts.
  • Judicial Activism: filling the "Legislative vacuum" to protect rights (e.g., Vishaka guidelines).
  • Integrated Unit: One law, one country.
  • Writ Superiority: HC's Art 226 reach.
  • Legislative-Vacuum Fill: Activism in action.
Analyze key facts and concepts related to Conclusion.
  • The Judiciary is the "Moral Arbiter." Success lies in moving from "Delays" to "Justice-Saturated & Rights-Verified Public Saturation."

Original Jurisdiction: The Federal Arbiter ​

Original Jurisdiction: The Federal Arbiter ​

Original Jurisdiction: The Federal Arbiter
Cue WordsNotes
Analyze key facts and concepts related to Federal Disputes (Art 131).
  • Disputes between:
    1. Center and one or more States.
    2. Center and States vs other States.
    3. Two or more States.
  • Exclusion: Issues arising out of "Pre-constitutional treaties" or "Inter-state water disputes" (Art 262) are excluded.
Analyze key facts and concepts related to Writ Jurisdiction (Art 32).
  • Direct access to the SC for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights.
  • Concurrent Power: This is not exclusive; citizens can also go to the High Court under Art 226.
Analyze key facts and concepts related to Presidential Election.
  • The SC has the "Exclusive and Original" jurisdiction to decide disputes relating to the Election of the President and Vice-President.
  • Federal Arbiter Art 131: Union vs State.
  • Art 32 Direct-Access: Rights-enforcement bridge.
  • Exclusive Election-Arbiter: Safeguarding the Apex post.
Analyze key facts and concepts related to Conclusion.
  • Original Jurisdiction is the "Integrity Guard of the Union." Success lies in moving from "Constitutional deadlock" to "Clarity-Saturated & Law-Verified Federal Saturation."

PIL: The People’s Court ​

PIL: The People’s Court ​

PIL: The People’s Court
Cue WordsNotes
Analyze key facts and concepts related to The Core Shift.
  • Locus Standi: traditionally, only the "Affected Person" could go to court.
  • In PIL: any "Public-spirited citizen" or NGO can file a case on behalf of those who cannot access courts (the poor, the uneducated, or the illiterate).
Analyze key facts and concepts related to Significant Triumphs.
  • Human Rights: exposing the trial of "Under-trials" in jails (Hussainara Khatoon Case).
  • Environment: shifting polluting factories out of Delhi (M.C. Mehta cases).
  • Transparency: making candidate assets public and the "NOTA" option (PUCL cases).
Analyze key facts and concepts related to The Dark Side.
  • Judicial Overreach: Courts entering "Policy territory" (Executive domain) through PIL.
  • Frivolous Suits: "Paisa Interest Litigation" or "Publicity Interest Litigation" wasting judicial time.
  • Management: SC guidelines suggest heavy fines for "Manifestly frivolous" PILs.
  • Relaxed Locus-Standi: Rights for the many.
  • Judicial Governance: The Overreach trap.
  • Public-Spirited Proxy: NGO as Advocate.
Analyze key facts and concepts related to Conclusion.
  • PIL is the "Soul of Judicial Activism." Success lies in moving from "Frivolous noise" to "Justice-Saturated & Rights-Verified Public Saturation."

Judicial Reforms: Justice Delayed is Denied ​

Judicial Reforms: Justice Delayed is Denied ​

Judicial Reforms: Justice Delayed is Denied
Cue WordsNotes
Analyze key facts and concepts related to The Crisis of Backlog.
  • Pendency: >5 crore cases (majority in Subordinate courts).
  • Vacancy: Significant percentage of judge positions (especially in High Courts) remain unoccupied due to delays in the "Collegium-Executive" consultation.
Analyze key facts and concepts related to Key Areas of Reform.
  • Appointment (NJAC vs Collegium): The need for a "Transparent and Merit-based" system that balances executive input with judicial independence.
  • Technology (e-Courts): virtual hearings, digitalization of records, and AI-led tracking of case-age.
  • Language: Moving from "English-only" to "Regional languages" in HCs and SC for better accessibility.
Analyze key facts and concepts related to Institutional Shifts.
  • ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution): promoting Lok Adalats, Mediation, and Arbitration to reduce the burden on formal courts.
  • AIJS (All India Judicial Service): a proposed UPS-like entrance for district judges to professionalize the lower judiciary.
  • Collegium Impasse: The appointment block.
  • Digital Judiciary: e-Courts efficiency.
  • AIJS Professionalization: Standardized Merit.
Analyze key facts and concepts related to Conclusion.
  • Judicial Reform is the "Sanity of the State." Success lies in moving from "Pendency" to "Speed-Saturated & Fairness-Verified Justice Saturation."

The Judicial System: The Guardian of Law ​

The Judicial System: The Guardian of Law ​

The Judicial System: The Guardian of Law
Cue WordsNotes
Analyze key facts and concepts related to Hierarchy & Jurisdiction.
  • Supreme Court (Art 124-147): The apex; Original (Federal cases), Appellate (Civil/Criminal), and Advisory (Presidential referral) jurisdiction.
  • High Courts (Art 214-231): Writ jurisdiction (Art 226) is Broader than SC’s—HC can issue writs for legal rights, SC only for FRs.
  • Subordinate Courts: The foundation where the common citizen interacts first.
Analyze key facts and concepts related to Judicial Independence.
  • Security of Tenure: Removal only by Parliament (Impeachment-like process).
  • Financial Autonomy: Salaries charged on the Consolidated Fund (Not voted upon).
  • Separation from Executive (Art 50): ensured by the DPSP.
Analyze key facts and concepts related to Power of Review (Art 13/32/226).
  • Judicial Review: checking the "Constitutionality" of legislative and executive acts.
  • Judicial Activism: filling the "Legislative vacuum" to protect rights (e.g., Vishaka guidelines).
  • Integrated Unit: One law, one country.
  • Writ Superiority: HC's Art 226 reach.
  • Legislative-Vacuum Fill: Activism in action.
Analyze key facts and concepts related to Conclusion.
  • The Judiciary is the "Moral Arbiter." Success lies in moving from "Delays" to "Justice-Saturated & Rights-Verified Public Saturation."

GS2 MAINS PYQs (2013-2025) जीएस2 मेन्स प्रश्न ​

GS2 MAINS PYQs (2013-2025) जीएस2 मेन्स प्रश्न ​

GS2 MAINS PYQs (2013-2025) जीएस2 मेन्स प्रश्न
Cue WordsNotes
Detail the concepts and significance of Separation of Powers and Judiciary शक्तियों का पृथक्करण और न्यायपालिका.
  • Separation of Powers and Judiciary शक्तियों का पृथक्करण और न्यायपालिका

    • • "Constitutional morality is the fulcrum which acts as an essential check upon the high functionaries and citizens alike..." In view of the above observation of the Supreme Court, explain the concept of constitutional morality and its application to ensure balance between judicial independence and judicial accountability in India. (2025/15)

    • Explain the reasons for the growth of public interest litigation in India. As a result of it, has the Indian Supreme Court emerged as the world's most powerful judiciary? (2024/15)

    • Constitutionally guaranteed judicial independence is a prerequisite of democracy. Comment. (2023/10)

    • To what extent, in your opinion, has the decentralisation of power in India changed the governance landscape at the grassroots? (2022/10)

    • Discuss the desirability of greater representation to women in the higher judiciary to ensure diversity, equity and inclusiveness. (2021/10)

    • Judicial Legislation is antithetical to the doctrine of separation of powers as envisaged in the Indian Constitution. In this context justify the filing of large number of public interest petitions praying for issuing guidelines to executive authorities. (2020/15)

    • The judicial systems in India and UK seem to be converging as well as diverging in recent times. Highlight the key points of convergence and divergence between the two nations in terms of their judicial practices. (2020/10)

    • Do you think that constitution of India does not accept principle of strict separation of powers rather it is based on the principle of 'checks and balance'? Explain. (2019/10)

    • From the resolution of contentious issues regarding distribution of legislative powers by the courts, 'Principle of Federal Supremacy' and 'Harmonious Construction' have emerged. Explain. (2019/10)

    • Whether the Supreme Court Judgement (July 2018) can settle the political tussle between the Lt. Governor and elected government of Delhi? Examine. (2018/15)

    • Critically examine the Supreme Court's judgement on 'National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014' with reference to appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India. (2017/10)

    • What was held in the Coelho case? In this context, can you say that judicial review is of key importance amongst the basic features of the Constitution? (2016/12.5)

    • Resorting to ordinances has always raised concern on violation of the spirit of separation of powers doctrine. While noting the rationales justifying the power to promulgate ordinances, analyze whether the decisions of the Supreme Court on the issue have further facilitated resorting to this power. Should the power to promulgate ordinances be repealed? (2015/12.5)

    • Starting from inventing the 'basic structure' doctrine, the judiciary has played a highly proactive role in ensuring that India develops into a thriving democracy. In light of the statement, evaluate the role played by judicial activism in achieving the ideals of democracy. (2014/10)

    • The Supreme Court of India keeps a check on arbitrary power of the Parliament in amending the Constitution. Discuss critically. (2013/10)

    • "संवैधानिक नैतिकता एक आलम्ब है जो उच्च पदाधिकारियों और नागरिकों पर समान रूप से आवश्यक नियंत्रण का कार्य करता है..." सर्वोच्च न्यायालय के उपयुक्त प्रेक्षण के संदर्भ में, संवैधानिक नैतिकता की अवधारणा तथा भारत में न्यायपालिका की स्वतंत्रता एवं न्यायिक उत्तरदायित्व के मध्य संतुलन सुनिश्चित करने में इसकी प्रयोज्यता की व्याख्या कीजिए। (2025/15)

Detail the concepts and significance of Basic Structure and Constitutional Amendments मूल संरचना और संवैधानिक संशोधन.
  • Basic Structure and Constitutional Amendments मूल संरचना और संवैधानिक संशोधन

    • • Indian Constitution has conferred the amending power on the ordinary legislative institutions with adequate procedural hurdles. In view of this statement, examine the procedural and substantive limitations on the amending power of the Parliament to change the Constitution. (2025/15)

    • Discuss the evolution of collegium system in India. Critically examine the advantages and disadvantages of the system of appointment of judges of the Supreme Court of India and that of the USA. (2025/15)

    • Parliament's power to amend the Constitution is a limited power and it cannot be enlarged into absolute power. In the light of this statement explain whether Parliament under Article 368 of the Constitution can destroy the Basic Structure of the Constitution by expanding its amending power? (2019/15)

    • Account for the legal and political factors responsible for the reduced frequency of using Article 356 by the Union Governments since mid 1990s. (2023/15)

    • Under what circumstances can the Financial Emergency be proclaimed by the President of India? What consequences follow when such a declaration remains in force? (2018/10)

    • भारतीय संविधान ने कुछ प्रक्रियात्मक अवरोधों के साथ सामान्य विधायी संस्थाओं को संविधान संशोधन की शक्ति प्रदान की है। इस कथन को दृष्टिगत कर संसद के संविधान संशोधन की शक्ति पर प्रक्रियात्मक एवं सारभूत परिसीमाओं का परीक्षण कीजिए। (2025/15)

    • भारत में कॉलेजियम प्रणाली के विकास की विवेचना कीजिए। भारत और संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका के उच्चतम न्यायालय के न्यायाधीशों की नियुक्ति की प्रणाली के फायदे और नुकसान का आलोचनात्मक परीक्षण कीजिए। (2025/15)

Detail the concepts and significance of Comparative Constitutional Analysis तुलनात्मक संवैधानिक विश्लेषण.
  • Comparative Constitutional Analysis तुलनात्मक संवैधानिक विश्लेषण

    • • Compare and contrast the President's power to pardon in India and in the USA. Are there any limits to it in both the countries? What are 'preemptive pardons'? (2025/10)

    • Discuss India as a secular state and compare it with the secular principles of the US Constitution. (2024/15)

    • Compare and contrast the British and Indian approaches to Parliamentary sovereignty. (2023/10)

    • Critically examine the procedures through which the Presidents of India and France are elected. (2022/15)

    • What can France learn from the Indian Constitution's approach to secularism? (2019/10)

    • भारत और संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका में क्षमा करने की राष्ट्रपति की शक्ति की तुलना कीजिए तथा विषमताओं को स्पष्ट कीजिए। क्या दोनों देशों में इसकी कोई सीमाएं हैं? 'अग्रिम माफी' क्या होती है? (2025/10)

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