Women Empowerment, Patriarchy & Rights

1. Fact Sheet & Constitutional/Legislative Safeguards

Cue Words	Notes
Global & National Data	Global Gender Gap Index (WEF 2023): India ranked 127th out of 146 countries. Female Labor Force Participation Rate (FLFPR): 37.0% (PLFS 2022-23). Gender Inequality Index (GII 2022-23): Score of 0.490 (Economic Survey). NFHS-5 Data: ~30% of married women aged 18–49 reported spousal violence; 23.3% of women aged 20–24 married before age 18.
Constitutional Articles	Art 14 & 15(1): Equality before law and prohibition of sex discrimination. Art 15(3): Enables special protective discrimination for women and children. Art 16: Equal opportunity in public employment. Art 39(a) & 39(d): Adequate livelihood and Equal Pay for Equal Work. Art 42: Just & humane work conditions and maternity relief.
Key Legislation	Dowry Prohibition Act 1961; Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act (PWDVA) 2005; POSH Act 2013; Commission of Sati Prevention Act 1986; Prohibition of Child Marriage Act 2006.

2024 Interim Union Budget 2024-25 — Women Empowerment Highlights

Cue Words	Notes
What women-empowerment stats did the Interim Budget 2024-25 (1 Feb 2024) cite?	Mudra loans: 30 crore loans disbursed to women entrepreneurs. Education: Female higher-education enrolment up 28% over the preceding decade; women constitute 43% of STEM enrolment — among the world's highest. Housing: 70%+ of PM Awas Yojana rural houses given to women (see the PM Awas Yojana notes for the related PMAY-G 2-crore-house expansion announced in the same Budget).

2. Evolution of Women's Status & Women's Movements

Cue Words	Notes
Historical Evolution	Rig Vedic Era: High status, spiritual equality, education access (Apala, Ghosha, Lopamudra). Later Vedic & Medieval Era: Status decline; seclusion (Purdah), Child marriage, Sati, Jauhar, female infanticide. Partial relief via Bhakti movement (Mirabai, Akka Mahadevi). Colonial Reform Era: Social reformers (Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Jyotirao & Savitribai Phule) led anti-Sati regulation (1829), Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act (1856), and Age of Consent Act. Early Women's Orgs: Women's India Association (WIA, 1917), All India Women's Conference (AIWC, 1926).
Post-Independence Women's Movements	Telangana Peasant Struggle: Women's active political mobilization via Andhra Vanitha. Chipko Movement (1972): Adivasi women hugging trees in Garhwal to protect community forest ecology. Anti-Dowry Movement (1980s): Led by Dahej Virodhi Chetna Manch, resulting in 1984 Dowry Prohibition amendments. Narmada Bachao Andolan: Medha Patkar leading environmental and displacement advocacy. Anti-AFSPA Protests: Irom Sharmila's 16-year fast and Meira Paibi (Mothers of Manipur). Grassroots Economic Orgs: SEWA (Ela Bhatt, 1972) trade union, Annapurna Mahila Mandal (1975), Kudumbashree (Kerala).

3. Major Social & Violence Issues Facing Women

Cue Words	Notes
Domestic Violence & One-Stop Centres	PWDVA 2005 provides civil & emergency relief. Key schemes: Sakhi One-Stop Centres (integrated police, medical, legal, counseling support), Swadhar Greh (shelter homes), and Nirbhaya Fund.
Marital Rape Criminalization Debate	Exception 2 to Sec 375 IPC exempts sexual acts by a man with his wife (above 18). Against Criminalization: Concerns over institution of marriage stability, potential misuse, difficulty of proof. (Law Commission 172nd report). For Criminalization: Strips married women of bodily autonomy (Art 21); violates equal protection (Art 14). Recommended by Justice J.S. Verma Committee (2013). Kerala HC (2021) held marital rape valid ground for divorce.
Female Foeticide & Sex Ratio	Economic Survey 2018 identified 63 million 'missing girls' due to son preference ("son meta-preference"). Enforced via PCPNDT Act 1994 (banning sex-determination) and Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP).
POSH Act 2013 & SHe-Box	Mandates Internal Complaints Committee (ICC) in workplaces with 10+ employees based on Vishaka Guidelines (1997). Centralized portal: SHe-Box.

4. Political Representation, LFPR & Recent Legal Developments

Cue Words	Notes
Political Representation & 106th CAA	Women hold only 14% of seats in 17th Lok Sabha. 73rd & 74th CAAs: 33% reservation in Panchayats/ULBs (many states expanded to 50%). Helped combat local issues, though challenged by Sarpanchpati phenomenon. 106th Constitutional Amendment Act (Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam, 2023): Reserves 1/3rd of seats for women in Lok Sabha, Delhi Assembly, and State Assemblies for 15 years (effective post-delimitation).
Women in Economy & Agriculture	FLFPR stands at 37.0% (PLFS 2022-23). Women manage 30.3% of cultivators and 40.7% of agri laborers (Agri Census), yet own only 13.95% of operational land holdings ("Feminization of Agriculture"). Scheme: Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran Pariyojana (MKSP).
Surrogacy & Inheritance Rights	Surrogacy (Regulation) Act 2021: Bans commercial surrogacy; allows altruistic surrogacy for infertile married couples (wife 23–50, husband 26–55) using a close relative surrogate mother. Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act 2005 & Vineeta Sharma Judgment (2020): Supreme Court held daughters have equal coparcenary rights in ancestral property by birth.

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Covers §5.2 Urbanisation and Human Settlement and §5.3 Poverty And Gender (including OCR table image after PYQs).

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5.2 Urbanisation and Human Settlement

UPSC Prelims PYQs — Urbanisation (UN-Habitat Global Report)

Urbanisation Prelims PYQs
Cue Words	Notes
Which region had the fastest urbanization growth (UN-Habitat GRHS 2009)?	Question (2010): As per UN-Habitat’s Global Report on Human Settlements 2009, which region has shown the fastest growth of urbanization in the last three decades? Options: (a) Asia (b) Europe (c) Latin America and Caribbean (d) North America Answer: 1 (a) Asia

Global Report on Human Settlements (UN-Habitat) — Publisher, Indicators, Ranking Nature & Asia Fact

Global Report on Human Settlements
Cue Words	Notes
Who publishes the Global Report on Human Settlements?	Publisher: UN-Habitat (United Nations Human Settlements Programme).
What are the key indicators of the Global Report on Human Settlements?	Urban housing Slum populations Sustainable urban development
Is it a country-wise ranking? What is its nature?	Not a country-wise ranking. Focuses on policy trends in human settlements, housing, slums, and sustainable urban development.
What did the 2009 report say about Asia’s urbanization?	According to the 2009 report, Asia has shown the fastest growth rate of urbanization in the preceding three decades. This is a direct UPSC Prelims fact (2010 PYQ answer: Asia).

World Cities Report (UN-Habitat) — Liveability, Prosperity, Sustainability & Climate Action 2024

World Cities Report
Cue Words	Notes
Who publishes the World Cities Report?	Publisher: UN-Habitat.
What are the key indicators of the World Cities Report?	Liveability Prosperity Sustainability
What is the 2024 World Cities Report theme and core message?	2024 report title: “Cities and Climate Action”. Highlights that cities are both primary victims and primary offenders of climate change. Calls for urgent action on urban climate mitigation and adaptation.

Urban Housing, Slums & Sustainable Settlements — Quick Revision Matrix

Urban Housing & Slums Snapshot
Cue Words	Notes
Map key themes to the correct UN-Habitat product.	Urban housing → Global Report on Human Settlements Slum populations → Global Report on Human Settlements Sustainable urban development → Global Report on Human Settlements Liveability · Prosperity · Sustainability → World Cities Report Cities as climate victims + offenders → World Cities Report 2024 (Cities and Climate Action)
What Prelims traps should you avoid?	Do not treat GRHS as a rank-table like WEF/World Bank indices — it is policy-trend oriented. Fastest urbanization (last three decades, GRHS 2009) = Asia (not Latin America). Both major urban reports above are by UN-Habitat — not UNDP, WEF, or World Bank.

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5.3 Poverty And Gender

UPSC Prelims PYQs — Global Gender Gap, Global Hunger Index & Multidimensional Poverty Index

Poverty & Gender Prelims PYQs
Cue Words	Notes
Who publishes the Global Gender Gap Index ranking?	Question (2017): Which of the following gives the Global Gender Gap Index ranking? Options: (a) World Economic Forum (b) UN Human Rights Council (c) UN Women (d) World Health Organization Answer: 1 (a) World Economic Forum (WEF) Trap: UN Women is a frequent distractor — it does not publish the Global Gender Gap Index.
Which indicators does IFPRI use for the Global Hunger Index (2016 PYQ)?	Question (2016): Which of the following indicators are used by IFPRI to compute the Global Hunger Index? Statements: Undernourishment Child stunting Child mortality Options: (a) 1 only · (b) 2 and 3 only · (c) 1, 2 and 3 · (d) 1 and 3 only Answer: 2 (c) — 1, 2 and 3 Note (current publisher context from notes table): GHI is associated with Welthungerhilfe & Concern Worldwide; full indicator set in the report table also includes Child Wasting (see GHI block below).
What does the Multidimensional Poverty Index cover (2012 PYQ)?	Question (2012): The Multidimensional Poverty Index covers: Statements: Education, health, assets and services Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) GDP growth and fiscal deficit Options: (a) 1 only · (b) 2 and 3 only · (c) 1 and 3 only · (d) 1, 2 and 3 Answer: 3 (a) — 1 only Key point: MPI is about deprivations (education, health, living standards/assets & services) — not PPP or macro fiscal indicators.

Global Gender Gap Index / Report (WEF) — Indicators, India’s Rank 2025 & Topper

Global Gender Gap Index (WEF)
Cue Words	Notes
Who publishes the Global Gender Gap Index / Report?	Publisher: World Economic Forum (WEF). UPSC 2017: correct answer is WEF (not UN Women / UNHRC / WHO).
What are the key indicators of the Global Gender Gap Index?	Economic participation Education Health Political empowerment
What is India’s rank and score (2025/26 notes)?	Rank: 131st / 148 countries (2025) Score: 0.641
Which country tops the Global Gender Gap Index?	Topped by: Iceland

Global Hunger Index (GHI) — Publisher, Indicators, India’s Rank 2025 & Top Band

Global Hunger Index (GHI)
Cue Words	Notes
Who publishes the Global Hunger Index?	Publisher (as per notes table): Welthungerhilfe & Concern Worldwide Prelims context: Older UPSC framing linked GHI computation to IFPRI (2016 PYQ).
What are the key indicators of the Global Hunger Index?	Undernourishment Child Wasting Child Stunting Child Mortality
What is India’s rank and score (2025 notes)?	Rank: 102nd (2025) Score: 25.8 Category: Serious
Who tops / what is the top band?	Top band: Countries ranked 1–25 with Score < 5

Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) — OPHI & UNDP, Dimensions, India Trend & Global 2025 Fact

Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)
Cue Words	Notes
Who publishes the Multidimensional Poverty Index?	Publisher: Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) & UNDP
What are the key dimensions / indicators of MPI?	Health (Nutrition) Education (Schooling) Living Standards (Water, Assets)
What does the UPSC 2012 PYQ establish about MPI coverage?	MPI covers education, health, assets and services. It does not cover PPP or GDP growth / fiscal deficit.
What is India’s multidimensional poverty trend in the notes?	India’s multidimensional poverty rate fell from 55.1% in 2005–06 to 16.4% in 2019–21.
What does the 2025 MPI report highlight globally?	2025 report: 1.1 billion people live in acute poverty. Highest concentration in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.

Poverty & Gender — Consolidated Report Matrix (Publisher · Indicators · India · Top)

Poverty & Gender Matrix
Cue Words	Notes
Compare GGGI, GHI and MPI at a glance.	Global Gender Gap Index Publisher: World Economic Forum Indicators: Economic participation; Education; Health; Political empowerment India (2025): Rank 131/148; Score 0.641 Topped by: Iceland Global Hunger Index (GHI) Publisher: Welthungerhilfe & Concern Worldwide Indicators: Undernourishment; Child Wasting; Child Stunting; Child Mortality India (2025): Rank 102nd; Score 25.8 (Serious) Top band: Countries 1–25 (Score < 5) Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) Publisher: OPHI & UNDP Indicators: Health (Nutrition); Education (Schooling); Living Standards (Water, Assets) India: Multidimensional poverty rate 55.1% (2005–06) → 16.4% (2019–21) Global 2025: 1.1 billion in acute poverty; highest concentration in Sub-Saharan Africa & South Asia
Memory hooks for Prelims (publisher traps).	Gender Gap ranking → WEF (not UN Women) MPI → OPHI + UNDP (deprivation-based; not PPP/GDP/fiscal) GHI indicators → Undernourishment + child wasting/stunting/mortality Urban settlements reports → both major ones by UN-Habitat

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