Social Justice: Health & Education Perspectives

1. Health: Social Perspective & Inequalities

Cue Words

Notes

Social Determinants of Health

Health outcomes are deeply shaped by caste, gender, class, and geography rather than medical factors alone. Out-of-Pocket Expenditure (OOPE): High OOPE (~47% of total health spending) pushes 5+ crore Indians into poverty annually. Gender & Malnutrition: High anemia rates among pregnant women (52.2% NFHS-5) and child stunting (35.5%) linked to early marriage and maternal undernutrition. Rural-Urban Healthcare Divide: 75% of healthcare infrastructure and doctors concentrated in urban centers serving 31% of the population. Government Interventions: Ayushman Bharat PM-JAY (Rs 5 lakh health cover per vulnerable family), PM Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM).

2. Education: Social Perspective, NEP 2020 & AI Integration

Cue Words	Notes
Educational Disparities	Female literacy at 65.5% vs male literacy at 80% (2011 Census). ASER reports highlight persistent foundational learning gaps (reading/math levels in primary rural schools).
National Education Policy (NEP) 2020	Aims at 100% Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in school education by 2030 and 50% in higher education by 2035. Replaces 10+2 with 5+3+3+4 structure; promotes mother tongue instruction up to Grade 5; establishes National Research Foundation (NRF).
AI in Education & Digital Divide	Benefits of AI: Personalized adaptive learning, automated teacher admin support, interactive simulation modules for rural learners. Hurdles & Digital Divide: 54% of students in rural India lack stable internet access; public education expenditure remains below 3.5% of GDP (against NEP target of 6%). Risks widening educational inequality if unguided.

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Governance · Global AI Governance · Civil Liberties & Human Rights · Technological Cooperation

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5.4 Governance and Legal Frameworks

Rule of Law Index & Responsible Nations Index (RNI)

Governance and Legal Frameworks
Cue Words	Notes
Who releases the Rule of Law Index (UPSC Prelims 2018)?	PYQ (2018): “Rule of Law Index” is released by? Options: (a) Amnesty International · (b) International Court of Justice · (c) Office of UN High Commissioner for Human Rights · (d) World Justice Project Answer: (d) World Justice Project
Detail the Rule of Law Index — publisher, indicators, India’s rank/score, topper.	Report / Index: Rule of Law Index Publisher: World Justice Project (WJP) Key Indicators: Constraints on Government Absence of Corruption Open Government Fundamental Rights India’s Rank / Score (2025/26): Rank 86th (2025) out of 143 countries; Score 0.49 Topped By: Denmark
What is the Responsible Nations Index (RNI) — publisher, pillars, India’s position, toppers?	Report / Index: Responsible Nations Index (RNI) Publisher: World Intellectual Foundation (WIF) + Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) and IIM Mumbai Key Indicators — 3 Pillars: Internal Responsibility (Welfare / Justice) Environmental Responsibility External Responsibility (Global Peace) India’s Rank / Score: Rank 16th; Score 0.5515 — ahead of the U.S. (66th) and China (68th) Topped By: 1. Singapore (Score: 0.6194) 2. Switzerland 3. Denmark

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5.5 Global Technology Governance Summits (Global AI Governance)

AI Action Summit 2025 (Paris) vs AI Impact Summit 2026 (New Delhi)

AI Action Summit 2025 vs AI Impact Summit 2026
Cue Words	Notes
Compare Host & Role and Background of the two summits.	Host & Role: AI Action Summit 2025: Paris; co-chaired by India and France. India was a co-host and Global South advocate. AI Impact Summit 2026: New Delhi, India; hosted by MeitY (Ministry of Electronics and IT). Background: 2025: Built on the AI Safety Summit at Bletchley Park (Britain, 2023) and a smaller meeting in Seoul (2024). 2026: Built on the background of the AI Action Summit 2025 held in Paris.
Compare Theme, Main Focus and Approach of the two summits.	Theme: 2025: Inclusive and Sustainable Artificial Intelligence for People and the Planet 2026: “Sarvajan Hitaya, Sarvajan Sukhaya” (Welfare for all) Main Focus: 2025: Making AI usable in real sectors (jobs, climate, public services) 2026: Using AI for inclusive development (economy, society, governance) Approach: 2025: Shift from AI risks → practical use (post-Bletchley Park AI Safety Summit) 2026: Inclusive, development-oriented AI guided by 3 Sutras (People, Planet, Progress) + M.A.N.A.V. framework
Compare Structure, Key Result, Initiatives and Overall Significance.	Structure: 2025: No fixed structure 2026: 7 Chakras (thematic pillars) + structured cooperation platforms Key Result: 2025: Agreement on need for fair and sustainable AI 2026: AI Impact Declaration (supported by 92 countries) Key Initiatives: 2025: General cooperation of AI in health, ethical standards, global governance, etc. 2026: AI Commons, Trusted AI Commons, AI for Science Network, Democratic AI Charter Overall Significance: 2025: Shift from risk debate → practical implementation of AI 2026: Establishes inclusive, scalable, Global South-led AI governance with institutional mechanisms
UPSC Prelims PYQ (2025) — AI Action Summit, Grand Palais, Paris?	Statement I: Co-chaired with India, the event builds on advances at the Bletchley Park Summit (2023) and the Seoul Summit (2024). → Correct Statement II: Along with other countries, the US and UK also signed the declaration on inclusive and sustainable AI. → Incorrect Answer: (a) I only

The Seven Chakras of the India-AI Impact Summit 2026

Seven Chakras — India-AI Impact Summit 2026
Cue Words	Notes
What are the guiding Sutras and the role of the Seven Chakras?	Guiding Sutras (3 pillars): People, Planet, Progress — human-centric AI, environmentally responsible systems, and inclusive economic development. Seven Chakras: Thematic pillars / working groups that translate the Sutras into concrete areas of multilateral action and global cooperation. Centre of the framework (source diagram): “Themes for Global Cooperation” Together they channel collaboration towards measurable outcomes spanning human capital, inclusion, trust, resilience, science, resources, and social good.
List and explain the Seven Chakras (thematic pillars).	1. Human Capital: Preparing the workforce for an AI-driven economy — skilling, reskilling, and managing job transitions so automation does not widen employment gaps. 2. Inclusion for Social Empowerment: Using AI to improve access to services (e.g., language translation, voice-based citizen services, AI tools for farmers) for rural and underserved populations. 3. Safe & Trusted AI: Governance, ethics, and risk management — transparency, accountability, and alignment with public interest as AI use expands. 4. Science: AI for scientific advancement — climate modelling, health research, agricultural innovation; strengthening domestic research capacity (linked also to AI for Science Network). 5. Resilience, Innovation and Efficiency: AI to improve efficiency in infrastructure, disaster response and public administration, and to make systems more resilient to shocks. 6. Democratizing AI Resources: Expanding access to computing power, data and models via shared infrastructure, public datasets and affordable compute — especially for startups and academia. 7. AI for Economic Development & Social Good: Sector-specific applications in agriculture, healthcare, education and justice — linking AI deployment directly to development outcomes.
What is the larger significance of the Seven Chakras framework?	Positions India as a voice for the Global South in global AI governance. Balances innovation with regulation, and economic growth with social responsibility. Operationalises the development-oriented, impact-first model of the India-AI Impact Summit 2026 (beyond safety-only discourse).

Bletchley Declaration (2023)

Bletchley Declaration
Cue Words	Notes
What is the Bletchley Declaration?	The first global pact on Artificial Intelligence (AI) safety. Signed: 1 November 2023 at Bletchley Park. Signatories: 29 nations — including the UK, US, China, and India — and the EU. Focus: Managing risks from “frontier AI”; emphasising international cooperation for safe, ethical development. Lineage: Foundation for the Seoul Summit (2024) → AI Action Summit Paris (2025) → India-AI Impact Summit (2026).

5.5.1 World Economic Forum – Crystal Award 2025

WEF Crystal Award 2025
Cue Words	Notes
What is the Crystal Award and who hosts it (UPSC Prelims 2009)?	Purpose: Given to cultural leaders who use their platform for social / environmental change — integrates cultural leaders into WEF meetings. Chairmanship / Host: Presented during the WEF Annual Meeting in Davos, Switzerland. 2025 Theme: “Collaboration for the Intelligent Age”. PYQ (2009): To integrate cultural leaders into its meetings, which organization gives the Crystal Award? (a) APEC · (b) IBRD · (c) WHO · (d) World Economic Forum Answer: (d) World Economic Forum
Who were the 2025 Crystal Award winners and for what?	David Beckham (UK): For his work with UNICEF on children’s rights. Diane von Furstenberg (USA): For empowering women and gender equality. Riken Yamamoto (Japan) (Architect): For community regeneration and sustainable design.

5.5.2 GPAI (Global Partnership on AI)

GPAI — Global Partnership on AI
Cue Words	Notes
What is GPAI — launch, host, membership?	About: Launched in June 2020; a multi-stakeholder initiative (like a G7 for AI) hosted by the OECD. Membership (as of March 2026): 44 member countries. China is not a member.
What is India’s role in GPAI and the New Delhi Declaration 2024?	India’s Role: One of the founding members of GPAI. As Lead Chair, India hosted the Global IndiaAI Summit 2024 in New Delhi. New Delhi Declaration, 2024: Adopted unanimously; shifted the global focus from just “Safety” to “AI for All” and “Global South inclusivity”.
What are GPAI’s key outcome and four working themes?	Key Outcome: GPAI–OECD Integrated Partnership — landmark merger of GPAI’s multi-stakeholder expertise with OECD’s policy standards to create a unified global AI governance framework. Four Themes: Responsible AI Data Governance Future of Work Innovation / Commercialization

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5.6 Civil Liberties and Human Rights

World Press Freedom Index · CPI · HDI (2025/26)

Civil Liberties and Human Rights Indices
Cue Words	Notes
Detail the World Press Freedom Index 2025 (RSF).	Report / Index: World Press Freedom Index 2025 Publisher: Reporters Without Borders (RSF) Key Indicators: Pluralism Media independence Safety of journalists India’s Rank / Score (2025/26): Rank 151st (slight rise from 159th); Score 32.96 Topped By: Norway
Detail the Corruption Perception Index (CPI) 2025.	Report / Index: Corruption Perception Index (CPI) 2025 Publisher: Transparency International Key Indicators: Perceived levels of public sector corruption India’s Rank / Score: Rank 91st; Score 39 Topped By: Denmark (Score: 89)
Detail the Human Development Index (HDI) 2025.	Report / Index: Human Development Index (HDI) 2025 Publisher: UNDP Key Indicators: Life expectancy Expected years of schooling GNI per capita India’s Rank / Score: Rank 130 (out of 193 countries) Topped By: Iceland

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6.1 Technological Cooperation

U.S.–EU Trade and Technology Council (TTC) · India–US TRUST / iCET

Bilateral Technological Cooperation
Cue Words	Notes
UPSC Prelims PYQ (2023) — U.S.–EU Trade and Technology Council?	Statement-I: Recently, the USA and the EU have launched the ‘Trade and Technology Council.’ → Correct Statement-II: The USA and the EU claim that through this they are trying to bring technological progress and physical productivity under their control. → Incorrect Answer: (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
What is the U.S.–EU Trade and Technology Council (TTC)?	Aim: Strategic coordination on trade, economy, and tech; countering non-market economies. Recent outcomes (2024): Cooperating on AI Safety, 6G vision, and a 3-year extension for semiconductor supply chains. Significance: Sets global standards (AI, 6G) that India must align with or influence to avoid “Pax Silica” (tech exclusion).
Explain India–US technological cooperation — iCET, TRUST and INDUS Innovation.	Overall Aim: Deepen strategic partnership in critical / emerging tech (iCET) and trade. U.S.–India TRUST (Technology for Resilient, Open and Unified Security and Trust): Govt + Academia + Private Sector → secure and advance critical tech (AI, Defence, Semiconductors). Successor and expansion of the Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology (iCET). While iCET established the foundation for cooperation in AI, semiconductors, and defence, TRUST broadens the scope to include critical minerals, biotechnology, and space, while strengthening the AI Infrastructure Roadmap for India. INDUS Innovation: INDUS-X model → joint investments and partnerships in Space, Energy, and Emerging Technology. Munitions Supply Chain Roadmap: Allows Indian private firms to manufacture parts for US Stryker vehicles.