Revolutionary Movements & Communalism
Overview
| Cue Words | Notes |
|---|---|
| Revolutionary Movements Overview | Parallel to non-violent struggle, militant groups sought armed overthrow of British Raj across India (Bengal, MH, Punjab) and international hubs (London, USA). Simultaneously, British "Divide and Rule" birthed organized communalism. |
1. Revolutionary Phase I (1897–1917)
| Cue Words | Notes |
|---|---|
| Maharashtra & Bengal | Maharashtra: Chapekar Brothers (1897, Rand murder); Abhinav Bharat (1904, V.D. Savarkar, evolved from Mitra Mela). Bengal: Anushilan Samiti (1902); Alipore Conspiracy (1908, Aurobindo Ghosh). |
| International Hubs (London & USA) | London: India House (Shyamji Krishnavarma, The Indian Sociologist). USA: Ghadar Party (1913, San Francisco; Lala Hardayal, Sohan Singh Bhakna; newspaper Ghadr). |
2. Revolutionary Phase II (1924–1934)
| Cue Words | Notes |
|---|---|
| HRA to HSRA & Actions | HRA (1924, Sanyal & Chatterjee): Kakori Train Action (1925) (Bismil, Ashfaqulla). HSRA (1928, Delhi): Bhagat Singh & Azad. Saunders' Murder (1928). Assembly Bombing (1929, Bhagat Singh & B.K. Dutt). Bhagat Singh founded Naujawan Bharat Sabha (1926). |
| Chittagong Armoury Raid (1930) | Led by Surya Sen ("Masterda"). |
| Women Revolutionaries | Pritilata Waddedar (Chittagong raid, first woman martyr); Kalpana Dutt (associate of Surya Sen); Bina Das (shot Governor at convocation); Suniti Chowdhury & Shanti Ghosh (assassinated DM of Comilla). |
3. Indian National Army & Origins of Communalism
| Cue Words | Notes |
|---|---|
| INA & Red Fort Trials | INA founded by Captain Mohan Singh (1942); reorganized by Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose (1943) who formed Arzi Hukumat-i-Hind (Singapore) with slogan "Delhi Chalo". Red Fort Trials (1945): Shah Nawaz, Sehgal, Dhillon (defended by Bhulabhai Desai, Nehru). |
| Communal Organizations & Electorates | Muslim League founded 1906 at Dacca (Aga Khan, Nawab Salimullah, following Simla Deputation). Hindu Mahasabha founded 1915 by Madan Mohan Malaviya. Separate Electorates: 1909 (Muslims), 1919 (Sikhs, Christians). Two-Nation Theory: Jinnah (1940 Lahore Resolution). |
💣 Key Assassination Attempts & Conspiracy Cases
- Curzon Wyllie Assassination (1909): Madan Lal Dhingra, associated with India House (London), shot and killed Sir William Curzon Wyllie at a public event in London; Dhingra was tried and executed in England.
- Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy Case (1912): Rash Behari Bose and Sachin Sanyal orchestrated a bomb attack on Viceroy Lord Hardinge during his ceremonial entry into Delhi; Hardinge survived with injuries.
UPSC High-Yield Recall & Exam Traps
| Cue Words | Notes |
|---|---|
| Abhinav Bharat Origin | Evolved from Mitra Mela founded by Savarkar. |
| Naujawan Bharat Sabha Founder | Founded by Bhagat Singh in 1926. |
| INA Founder vs Reorganizer | Founded by Captain Mohan Singh (1942), reorganized by Netaji (1943). |
| Separate Electorates Origin | Key demand of Simla Deputation (1906), enacted in 1909. |