Economic Planning in India

📊 High-Yield Data & Statistical Fact Sheet

Cue Words	Notes
Visvesvaraya Plan (1934)	Emphasized industrialization to double national income within 10 years.
Bombay Plan (1944)	Authored by 8 leading industrialists; advocated massive public sector investment in heavy infrastructure.
Gandhian Plan (1944)	Authored by Shriman Narayan Agarwal; prioritized rural decentralization and cottage industry growth.
People's Plan (1945)	Authored by M.N. Roy (Marxist leanings); prioritized socialization of agriculture and basic food security.
Sarvodaya Plan (1950)	Authored by Jaiprakash Narayan; focused on grassroots self-reliance, land reforms, and village cooperatives.
Harrod-Domar Model (1st FYP)	Focused on expanding net capital savings and investment to stimulate domestic growth.
Nehru-Mahalanobis Model (2nd FYP)	Advocated industrialization driven by heavy machinery and capital goods sectors.
Rao-Manmohan Strategy (8th FYP)	Introduced the Liberalisation, Privatisation, and Globalisation (LPG) framework in 1991.
NITI Aayog Framework	Incepted on January 1, 2015 (replacing Planning Commission). Twin hubs: Team India Hub (states interface) and Knowledge & Innovation Hub (think tank). **Current Vice Chairman (2026)**: Ashok Lahiri (took office 8 May 2026, succeeding Suman Bery); former Chief Economic Adviser and IMF economist. **Viksit Bharat @2047**: NITI's Frontier Tech Hub released a **"DPI@2047"** strategic roadmap (April 2026) proposing Digital Public Infrastructure as the lever for non-linear, inclusive socio-economic growth toward the 2047 developed-nation goal.

1. STRUTTING THE TYPES & HISTORICAL MODELLING

Cue Words	Notes
Imperative Planning	Centralized top-down command model (state determines output and prices).
Indicative Planning	Flexible market-led approach adopted in India during the 8th FYP (1992).
Perspective Plan	Strategic long-term blueprint spanning 15 to 20 years.
Rolling Plan	Annually updated 3-to-5-year plan introduced by Janata Govt (1978–1980).
1st Generation Reforms (1991)	De-licensing, tariff cuts, disinvestment, LPG.
2nd Generation Reforms	Factor market reforms (land, labor codes, agricultural markets).
Washington Consensus	Ten policy prescriptions for developing market economies.

2. THE 12 FIVE-YEAR PLANS MATRIX (1951–2017)

Cue Words	Notes
1st Five-Year Plan (1951-56)	Harrod-Domar model (Agriculture & Community Development).
2nd Five-Year Plan (1956-61)	Nehru-Mahalanobis model (Heavy steel plants: Bhilai, Durgapur, Rourkela).
3rd Five-Year Plan (1961-66)	"Take-off" goal (disrupted by 1962 & 1965 wars and severe droughts).
Plan Holidays (1966-69)	Three Annual Plans (launched Green Revolution).
4th Five-Year Plan (1969-74)	Gadgil formula (Nationalized 14 commercial banks in 1969).
5th Five-Year Plan (1974-79)	D.D. Dhar model (Garibi Hatao & 20-Point Programme).
8th Five-Year Plan (1992-97)	Rao-Manmohan LPG model.
11th Five-Year Plan (2007-12)	Faster and More Inclusive Growth.
Pre-Independence Planning Evolution (1934–1950)	**Visvesvaraya Plan (1934)**: Book *Planned Economy for India*; aimed to double national income in 10 years by shifting labor from agriculture to industry. **FICCI Proposal (1934)**: Vouched for ending *laissez-faire* and setting up a National Planning Commission. **National Planning Committee (1938)**: Subhas Chandra Bose initiative; chaired by **J.L. Nehru** (published 1949). **Planning Advisory Board (1946)**: Formed by interim government to review projects. **Economic Programme Committee (1947)**: Formed by AICC (Nehru); recommended establishing the Planning Commission.
Fixed, Core & Decentralised Planning	**Fixed Plan**: Rigid physical targets and financial outlays set for a fixed duration (4–7 years). **Decentralised Plan**: Bottom-up formulation by grassroot authorities; price mechanisms determined via market forces. **Core Plan**: Planning authority requests States for projected revenue estimates first to prevent diversion of funds from priority sectors.
PURA, Census Towns & Rurban Mission (SPMRM)	**PURA (A.P.J. Abdul Kalam)**: 4 connectivities — *Physical*, *Electronic*, *Knowledge*, and *Economic*. **Census Town Criteria**: (1) Population **≥ 5,000**, (2) Density **≥ 400 persons/km²**, (3) **≥ 75%** of male main workforce in non-agricultural activities. **Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission (SPMRM, 2016)**: Replaced PURA to develop 300 "Rurban" village clusters preserving rural essence while providing urban amenities.
NITI Aayog Document Architecture	Operates through a 3-tier planning framework: 15-Year Vision Document: Long-term socio-economic perspective blueprint. 7-Year Strategy Document: Medium-term operational roadmap. 3-Year Action Agenda: Short-term tactical allocation document.
Planning Commission vs NITI Aayog	**Planning Commission**: Top-down approach; had power to allocate central funds to States/Ministries; limited state representation; follow-up of rigid Five-Year Plans. **NITI Aayog**: Bottom-up approach (*Cooperative Federalism*); pure **Think Tank** with **zero fund allocation powers** (handled by Ministry of Finance); Governing Council includes all State Chief Ministers & UT Lt. Governors.

3. FIVE-YEAR PLAN TARGETS VS ACTUAL GROWTH & FINANCIAL RESOURCES

Cue Words	Notes
Target vs Actual GDP Growth Rate by Plan	**1st (1951-56)**: Target 2.1% → Actual **3.6%** (5 IITs established). **2nd (1956-61)**: Target 4.5% → Actual 4.27% (Bhilai, Durgapur, Rourkela steel plants). **3rd (1961-65)**: Target 5.6% → Actual **2.4%** (wars + drought). **4th (1969-74)**: Target 5.6% → Actual 3.3% (Gadgil strategy; 14 banks nationalised 1969). **5th (1974-79)**: Target 5.2% → Actual 5.5% (Garibi Hatao, Green Revolution gains). **6th (1980-85)**: ~5.5% growth achieved ('target group' approach). **7th (1985-90)**: Target 5% → Actual 6% (JRY launched 1989). **8th (1992-97)**: Target 5.6% → Actual 6.7% (LPG reforms). **9th (1997-2002)**: Target 7.1% → Actual 6.8% (Basic Minimum Services focus). **10th (2002-07)**: Target 8.1% → Actual 7.7%. **11th (2007-12)**: Target 9% → Actual 7.5% (FRBM Act concerns). **12th (2012-17)**: Target 8% → Actual 6.7% ("Faster, More Inclusive & Sustainable Growth").
Financial Resources for Economic Plans (3 Sources)	**Domestic Budgetary Sources** (largest share): Taxation, public borrowing, small savings, public enterprise surplus. **Deficit Financing**: Withdrawing RBI cash balances, RBI borrowing (Ad-hoc T-Bills), public borrowing — 2nd largest source. **Foreign Assistance**: World Bank (IBRD non-concessional + IDA concessional) loans for infra/poverty alleviation/rural development; India has also become a donor nation to neighbours.
National Development Council (NDC)	Approved Planning Commission's Five-Year Plans; chaired by the Prime Minister — the apex body linking central planning to state execution in the pre-NITI era.
Strategy for New India @75 (Dec 2018) — 4 Pillars, 41 Chapters	**Drivers**: Doubling farmers' income, GDP growth ~8% to reach $4T by 2022-23, raise tax-GDP ratio to 22%, exports to $800bn. **Infrastructure**: Rail Development Authority (RDA), BharatNet completion for all 2.5 lakh Gram Panchayats. **Inclusion**: Ayushman Bharat (1,50,000 health & wellness centres), 10,000 Atal Tinkering Labs. **Governance**: Arbitration Council of India; expanded Swachh Bharat Mission scope.

4. THE PLANNING COMMISSION, NDC & THE FINANCE COMMISSION INTERFACE

Cue Words	Notes
Planning Commission (PC) — Founding Facts	Set up in **March 1950** by **Cabinet Resolution** (extra-constitutional, non-statutory — no PC reference exists in the Constitution itself, despite planning being rooted in it via List-III Entry 20). PM was **ex-officio Chairman**; Deputy Chairman coordinated Commission work (later given Cabinet rank). Seated at **Yojana Bhavan**; grew to **25 Divisions**. **2002 New Functions** (from the 10th Plan onward): (1) Monitor plan implementation w.r.t. economic reforms via Steering Committees, (2) Monitor Central Ministries' performance via 'monitorable targets' — earning it the label of a **"super-cabinet"**.
National Development Council (NDC) — Founding & Function	Set up in **August 1952** by Cabinet Secretariat Resolution; composed of PC members, Union Cabinet, State CMs, and UT Administrators/Lt. Governors; PM chairs it. **Functions**: (1) consider/accept Plan proposals, (2) review Plan working periodically, (3) consider socio-economic policy questions, (4) recommend measures for balanced regional development and equal-sacrifice resource mobilisation. Revived post-mid-1990s due to: economic-reform-era need for state autonomy, 73rd/74th CAA local-planning mandate, and coalition-era compulsions — the 10th and 11th Plans were the first in decades passed with full CM support.
Planning Commission vs Finance Commission — The Rajamannar Critique	**P.J. Rajamannar** (Chairman, Fourth Finance Commission, 1965) recommended clearly demarcating PC/FC roles by constitutional amendment and making the PC a statutory body — never implemented. **2002 Reform**: Government made one PC member also a Finance Commission member (symbolic PC-FC convergence) while announcing PC would play a "collaborator" role to the FC. **FRBM Act (2003)**: Let states access market borrowings for Plan expenditure without prior central permission (conditional on enacting their own Fiscal Responsibility Acts) — boosted participatory/decentralised planning.
Poverty Estimation: Lakdawala vs Tendulkar Committees	**Lakdawala Committee**: Methodology used by the PC to estimate poverty line/ratio since 1997, anchored to calorie-intake norms. **Tendulkar Committee** (constituted Dec 2005, reported Dec 2009): Recommended moving away from calorie-anchoring; adopted Mixed Reference Period (MRP) consumption expenditure and MRP-equivalent urban Poverty Line Basket (25.7% urban headcount ratio) as the new reference. For **2004-05**: Rural poverty **41.8%**, Urban **25.7%**, All-India **37.2%** — accepted by the PC in the 11th Plan Mid-Term Appraisal.

5. TWENTY-POINT PROGRAMME, MPLADS & MULTI-LEVEL PLANNING

Cue Words	Notes
Twenty-Point Programme (TPP) — 2nd Central Plan	Launched July 1975; restructured 1982 and 1986 ('TPP-86' — 119 items grouped into 20 Points: 54 evaluatory-criteria items, 65 pre-set-physical-target items, 20 monthly-monitored items). Further restructured as 'TPP-2006' in line with the National Common Minimum Programme (NCMP). Its "direct attack" poverty-alleviation approach directly inspired the Sixth Plan's 'Garibi Hatao' slogan (1980-85).
MPLADS — 3rd Central Plan, Corpus Evolution	Launched **23 December 1993** at **₹5 lakh/MP**; raised to **₹1 crore (1994-95)** → **₹2 crore (1998-99)** → **₹5 crore (April 2011)**. **2012 MOSPI guideline updates**: ₹10 lakh/year assistance for physically-challenged persons (tricycles/artificial limbs); works permitted in man-made-calamity areas; MPLADS Facilitation Centre (up to ₹5 lakh) permitted per MP; ₹22 lakh/year book-purchase allowance for schools/colleges; 'One MP – One Idea' annual innovation competition introduced. Criticised for fund misappropriation/non-use (esp. backward states) and for infringing decentralised planning (PRI representatives demand direct fund transfer to local bodies instead). 2026 A national-level **Brainstorming Workshop** was held in **Kochi** to revise **MPLADS Guidelines** and enhance the **eSAKSHI Portal** (used for MPLADS monitoring/implementation).
Multi-Level Planning (MLP) — 5 Strata	Evolved by the early 1980s: (1) **Centre** (Five-Year Plans, TPP, MPLADS), (2) **State** (State Planning Boards, CM as de-facto chair), (3) **District** (District Planning Boards, DM as de-facto chair), (4) **Block**, (5) **Local** (3 variants: Village, Hill Area, Tribal Area Planning). **Failure reasons**: no genuine bottom-up plan aggregation (states/blocks lacked empathy with local plans), states' fiscal dependence on Central Plans, and Local Bodies' lack of constitutional mandate (fixed only post-73rd/74th CAA, converting District Planning Boards into **District Planning Committees**).

6. ECONOMIC REFORMS: THE 1991 IMF CONDITIONALITIES & GENERATIONS

Cue Words	Notes
1991 BoP Crisis — IMF Conditionalities (Obligatory Reform)	Reforms launched 23 July 1991 under an Extended Fund Facility (EFF) — unlike voluntary reforms elsewhere, India's were conditionality-driven: (1) Rupee devalued 22% (in 2 phases, ₹21→₹27/USD), (2) Peak import tariff cut from 130% to 30% (achieved by 2000-01; later voluntarily cut to 15%), (3) Excise duty (CENVAT) hiked 20% to offset customs-revenue loss, (4) All government expenditure cut 10% annually. Pre-crisis indicators: fiscal deficit >8% of GDP, inflation >13% — compounded by the 1991 Gulf War's oil-price spike and collapse of Gulf remittances.
LPG Framework — Precise Definitional Roles	**Liberalisation**: shows the *direction* (state→market); **Privatisation**: shows the *path* (de-licensing, disinvestment, de-reservation); **Globalisation**: shows the *ultimate goal* (WTO-era cross-border integration of goods/services/capital/labour). **Privatisation's 3 senses**: (i) pure de-nationalisation (100% transfer — only the UK under Thatcher genuinely did this), (ii) disinvestment (partial share sale; ownership stays with state if <50%), (iii) broadest sense — any market-expanding policy (de-licensing, subsidy cuts, FDI permission).
4 Generations of Economic Reforms	**1st Gen (1991-2000)**: Private-sector promotion (de-licensing, MRTP abolition), PSU reforms, external-sector reforms (FEMA replacing FERA, floating exchange rate), financial-sector & tax reforms. **2nd Gen (2000-01 onward)**: Factor Market Reforms (dismantling Administered Price Mechanism — APM — on petroleum/sugar/fertiliser/drugs), strategic PSU disinvestment, legal/administrative reforms, critical-area reforms (power, agriculture, education, health); states given lead role in new reform steps. **3rd Gen** (announced with the 10th Plan, 2002-07): Fully functional PRIs to carry reform benefits to the grassroots — the "inclusive growth" generation. **4th Gen** (unofficial, coined ~2002 by experts): IT-enabled reforms — a two-way reinforcement between economic reforms and information technology.

7. POST-2014 FLAGSHIP PROGRAMMES: MAKE IN INDIA, MSME, PLIS & AATMA NIRBHAR BHARAT

Cue Words	Notes
Make in India (Sept 2014) — Targets & 2.0 Coverage	Targets: raise manufacturing growth to **12-14% p.a.**; raise manufacturing's GDP share from **15% to 25% by 2025**; create **100 million** additional manufacturing jobs by 2022. **Make in India 2.0** covers **27 sectors**: DPIIT coordinates 15 manufacturing sectors, Department of Commerce coordinates 12 service sectors. Key bottlenecks flagged: low labour productivity (Indian manufacturing workers ~4-5x less productive than Thailand/China per McKinsey), small unit size preventing economies of scale, and complex/pre-independence-era labour laws.
MSME Sector — Key Contribution Facts & MSMED Act 2006 Classification	MSMEs contribute **~30%** to GDP, **~45%** to manufacturing output, **~40%** to exports; **~6.34 crore** MSMEs (90% informal) employ **>11 crore** workers. **MSMED Act 2006 classification** (post-2020 revision, common criteria for manufacturing & services): **Micro** — Investment < ₹1 cr & Turnover < ₹5 cr; **Small** — Investment < ₹10 cr & Turnover < ₹50 cr; **Medium** — Investment < ₹50 cr & Turnover < ₹250 cr. Export turnover is excluded from the turnover ceiling calculation. Key schemes: **Udyam Registration** (self-declared Aadhaar-linked ID), **RAMP** (Raising & Accelerating MSME Performance), **CHAMPIONS** portal (May 2020), **ASPIRE** (rural entrepreneurship incubation centres), 59-minute in-principle loan approval scheme (₹1 lakh-₹1 crore).
Production Linked Incentive Scheme (PLIS) — Mechanics	Incentive of **4-6% on incremental sales** over a base year, conditional on additional investment in plant & machinery; launched first for mobiles, medical devices, pharmaceuticals, later extended to sunrise export-potential sectors. **Pharma PLIS**: covers **53 APIs / 41 products** among identified Key Starting Materials (KSMs), Drug Intermediates and APIs, to cut import dependence (India is 3rd largest pharma industry by volume, 14th by value, but heavily import-dependent on Chinese bulk drugs/APIs).
Startup India (2016) & Ecosystem Facts	DPIIT startup definition: entity < 10 years old, turnover < ₹100 crore in any FY, working towards innovation/scalable business model. 3 pillars: Simplification & Handholding, Funding Support & Incentives, Industry-Academia Partnership & Incubation. Tax holiday: 3 consecutive years out of first 10. India has the 3rd largest startup ecosystem globally (70,000+ recognised startups per Economic Survey 2019-20; Maharashtra, Karnataka, Delhi are top state performers). Key schemes: Stand-Up India (SC/ST/women focus), Atal Innovation Mission, Chunauti (Tier-II startup challenge, seed fund ₹25 lakh).
Aatma Nirbhar Bharat (2020) — 5 Pillars & Reform Package	**5 Pillars**: (1) Economy (quantum jump), (2) Infrastructure, (3) System (technology-driven), (4) Demography (vibrant workforce), (5) Demand (supply-chain empowerment). Contrasted with pre-1991 self-sufficiency: today's version opens PSU-reserved sectors (coal, space, defence) to private players, emphasises ease of doing business over License Raj, and courts FDI instead of restricting it. Reforms bundle: commercial coal mining opened, MSME definition revised (turnover criterion added), global tenders barred for Govt. tenders **up to ₹200 crore**, 74% automatic-route FDI in defence manufacturing (from 49%), private sector allowed in space activities, Strategic Disinvestment Policy (PSUs retained only in notified strategic sectors). RBI's parallel steps: repo rate cut **5% → 4%**, CRR cut **4% → 3%**, LCR requirement eased **100% → 80%**, LTRO worth **₹1 lakh crore**.
Land Banks, NSWS & Ease-of-Doing-Business Infrastructure	**National Land Bank Portal** (DPIIT): mapping **~5 lakh hectares** across industrial belts/SEZs; 21 states already have GIS-enabled land banks for integration. **National Single Window System (NSWS)**: single digital platform for investors to identify/apply for Central and State approvals, addressing information asymmetry and duplicate filings. Manufacturing has stagnated at **~16% of GDP** for three decades post-1991 — the core rationale cited for land-bank/NSWS/Industry 4.0 push.
FDI Liberalisation — Insurance & E-Commerce/Retail	**Insurance FDI**: 26% (IRDA Act 1999) → **49%** (Feb 2015, automatic route) → **75%** (2021); 100% FDI allowed in insurance intermediaries/brokers (Feb 2020). **E-commerce FDI**: 100% FDI allowed only in the **marketplace model** (platform connecting buyers/sellers); FDI barred in the **inventory-based model**. Dec 2019 clarifications barred vendors owned/controlled (≥25% inventory sourced) by an e-commerce group company from selling on its own platform, and barred exclusive-selling mandates and price-influencing incentives.

8. GLOSSARY: MARKET INTERVENTION & STABILISATION CONCEPTS

Cue Words	Notes
Market Distortion & Market Failure	**Market Distortion**: An economic scenario caused by government intervention (price ceilings/floors, taxes, subsidies, quantity restrictions) that skews an otherwise free market — often a by-product of well-intentioned welfare policy. **Market Failure**: An inefficient allocation of goods/services where individually rational behaviour doesn't produce a rational group outcome (e.g., under-provision of public goods).
Pump Priming	Government spending and/or tax cuts used to stimulate a sluggish/recessionary economy — named after priming a suction pump with water so it functions.
Stimulus (Fiscal vs Monetary)	**Fiscal Stimulus**: Government raises spending and/or cuts tax rates to put more money in consumers' hands. **Monetary Stimulus**: Central bank expands money supply or cuts interest rates to spur consumer spending — both aim to kick-start a sluggish economy.
Trickle-down Effect	Theory that income gains for corporations/the wealthy (via tax cuts on business, high incomes, capital gains, dividends) eventually flow down to the poor through investment/spending, spurring demand and growth when the poor, in turn, spend their wages.

9. FUNDAMENTALS CHECK — WHY PLANNING & CONSOLIDATED FIVE-YEAR PLAN THRUSTS

Cue Words	Notes
Economic Planning — Basic Definition & Rationale	**Economic Planning**: A deliberate, government-directed effort to allocate a country's resources (capital, labour, land) toward pre-determined targets over a fixed period, to achieve balanced and accelerated economic growth. **Why India adopted it (post-1947 context)**: Need for rapid industrialisation and capital formation after colonial de-industrialisation, low savings/investment ratio, widespread poverty and unemployment, socialist-inspired faith (Nehru era) in state-led resource mobilisation, and the example of Soviet planned growth. Planning Commission set up 1950 to give this effort institutional form via sequential Five-Year Plans.
Consolidated Five-Year Plans — Thrust/Strategy at a Glance (1st–12th)	**1st (1951-56)**: Harrod-Domar model — agriculture & community development. **2nd (1956-61)**: Nehru-Mahalanobis model — heavy industry/capital goods (Bhilai, Durgapur, Rourkela). **3rd (1961-66)**: "Take-off" attempt — derailed by wars (1962, 1965) & droughts. **Plan Holidays (1966-69)**: Annual Plans — Green Revolution launched. **4th (1969-74)**: Gadgil formula — bank nationalisation (1969), growth with stability. **5th (1974-79)**: D.D. Dhar model — Garibi Hatao & employment, 20-Point Programme. **6th (1980-85)**: Poverty alleviation via 'target group' approach; infrastructure push. **7th (1985-90)**: Growth, food security, productivity — JRY launched (1989). **8th (1992-97)**: Rao-Manmohan LPG model — liberalisation, human resource development. **9th (1997-2002)**: Growth with social justice & equity — Basic Minimum Services. **10th (2002-07)**: Faster, broad-based growth targeting 8% GDP. **11th (2007-12)**: Faster and More Inclusive Growth. **12th (2012-17)**: Faster, More Inclusive & Sustainable Growth — last Plan before NITI Aayog replaced the Commission (2015).
Centralised vs Decentralised/Indicative Planning — Basic Distinction	**Centralised (Imperative) Planning**: A single central authority sets targets, allocates resources, and directs both public and private sectors top-down (state fixes output/prices) — India's approach until early 1990s. **Decentralised/Indicative Planning**: Government sets broad guiding targets/priorities but leaves actual production/investment decisions to market forces and private/state enterprises responding to price signals — adopted from the 8th Plan (1992) onward under liberalisation.

10. FIVE-YEAR PLANS 1st–12th — PLAN-BY-PLAN MODELS, OBJECTIVES & OUTCOMES (SOURCE NOTES)

Cue Words	Notes
1st Plan (1951-56)	Based on the Harrod-Domar Model. Thrust sector: Agriculture. Outcome: Successful.
2nd Plan (1956-61)	**Mahalanobis Plan**. **Agriculture given lower priority**. Focus on **heavy & basic industries**. **Industrial Policy, 1956** — aimed at a **"socialistic pattern of society"**.
3rd Plan (1961-66)	It was felt that India had entered the **"Take-off stage"** ⇒ aim was to make India **self-reliant + a self-generating economy**. **Agriculture given priority**. **Failure** ⇒ **2 wars**. Later, focus shifted to **defence development**.
Annual Plans (1966-69) — PLAN HOLIDAY	Caused by: **agricultural crisis + inflationary recession + rupee devaluation**. **Green Revolution** launched during this period. **Paved the way for the 4th Plan**.
4th Plan (1969-74)	Objectives: **"Growth with stability"** + **progressive achievement of self-reliance**. **Garibi Hatao + Self-reliance**. **Launched by D.P. Dhar**. High growth rate + income distribution + domestic savings. *(Note: this source block attaches the Garibi Hatao/D.P. Dhar strategy to the 4th Plan (1969-74); the standard attribution used elsewhere in this file places **D.D. Dhar model, Garibi Hatao & the 20-Point Programme under the 5th Plan (1974-79)**. Treat the 5th-Plan attribution as the settled one; retained here as the source records it.)*
Rolling Plan (1978-80)	**Emphasis on employment**. Government changed after 2 years → plan changed.
6th Plan (1980-85)	**Increasing national income**. **Decrease poverty & unemployment**. Schemes: **TRYSEM** (Training Rural Youth for Self Employment), **IRDP**, **NREP**. Outcome: **Success**.
7th Plan (1985-90)	Focus on **food, work, productivity**. **Very successful** ⇒ the **Hindu Growth Rate was overcome**.
8th Plan (1992-97)	Context: **worsening BoP**. **Liberalisation**. High economic growth + **declining share of public sector in total investment to 34%**.
9th Plan (1997-02)	**Social Justice & Equality**.
10th (2002-07), 11th (2007-12) & 12th (2012-17) Plans	Source notes list these three plans by period only: 10th (2002-07), 11th (2007-12), 12th (2012-17) — thrusts/targets for these are captured in the Plan-matrix and Target-vs-Actual sections above.

11. TYPES OF PLANNING & THE BOMBAY PLAN (1944-45)

Cue Words	Notes
Systems Planning	Less emphasis on social and institutional dimensions. Target is the best possible results for established goals, giving less importance to caste, creed, family etc.
Normative Planning	Gives due importance to socio-institutional factors. Suitable for countries with a lesser degree of social diversity.
Imperative Planning (source gloss)	**Central Command planning**, like communist Russia.
Indicative Planning (source gloss)	Works through the market system rather than replacing it. Sets quantitative targets side by side with a set of economic policies that are indicative in nature. Done by Mixed Economies.
Sectoral vs Spatial Planning	**Sectoral**: emphasises sectors of the economy, i.e. agriculture, industry, or services. **Spatial**: spatial dimensions defined by the pressures and requirements of national economic development.
Bombay Plan, 1944-45 — Fuller Detail	**8 capitalists of India**, after WW2, came up with a plan to improve the economy of the country. Advocated the **state to play a prime role in the economy** through **planning, controlling and overseeing**. **Rapid industrialisation** and emphasis on **heavy capital goods and basic industries**. Stressed the significance of **social services & reforms** — **Education**, **Land Reform**, and **Cooperatives in finance, marketing and production**.

12. SCHEME ARCHITECTURE (CSS vs CENTRAL SECTOR) & NITI AAYOG DATA PLATFORM

Cue Words	Notes
Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS)	**Financed by Centre and States in a fixed ratio** (50:50, 70:30, 75:25, 90:10). **Implementation by States**. **Formulated on subjects of the State List**. **Shivraj Singh Chouhan Panel** recommendations ⇒ **28 umbrella CSS schemes** now.
CSS Classification — Core of the Core (6)	For social protection and social inclusion: National Social Assistance Programme (Dept of Rural Development) MGNREGA (Dept of Rural Development) Umbrella Scheme for Development of SCs (Dept of Social Justice & Empowerment) Umbrella Programme for Development of STs (Ministry of Tribal Affairs) Umbrella Programme for Minorities Umbrella Programme for Development of Other Vulnerable Groups
CSS Classification — Core (20) & Optional (2)	**Core Schemes (20)**: for the **National Development Agenda**, where Centre and States have to work together in the spirit of **"Team India"**. **Optional Schemes (2)**: States are free to choose whether to implement; **funds allocated as a lump sum**. Includes the **Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Rurban Mission**.
Central Sector Schemes	**Financed by the Centre completely**; **implementation by the Centre**. Based on subjects of the **Union List**. Some programmes directly implemented by the central ministry in States and UTs. Examples: **BharatNet, Namami Gange, LPG connection to the poor, Crop Insurance scheme, Metro projects** etc.
National Data and Analytics Platform (NDAP) — NITI Aayog	By NITI Aayog ⇒ to make all government data accessible to stakeholders in a user-friendly manner. Also described in source as a vision document of NITI Aayog ⇒ to standardise data across multiple government sources (listed there as "National Data and Analytical Platform").