Centre-State Relations
📊 High-Yield Data & Statistical Fact Sheet
- Constitutional Structure: Regulates relations across three spheres: Legislative (Articles 245 to 255), Administrative (Articles 256 to 263), and Financial (Articles 268 to 293).
- Development Spending Split:
- Central Sector Schemes: 85% of outlay (fully funded and implemented by the Center).
- Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS): 15% of outlay (co-financed by states, e.g., 60:40 or 90:10 ratios).
- Seventh Schedule Lists (Article 246):
- Union List: 100 subjects (Census, Railways, Defense, Foreign Affairs).
- State List: 61 subjects (Public Order, Police, Health, Agriculture, Prisons).
- Concurrent List: 52 subjects (Education, Forests, Wildlife, Marriage).
- Tax Devolution Parameters (16th Finance Commission, 2026–2031):
- Chaired by Dr. Arvind Panagariya.
- Vertical Devolution: Retained 41% devolution of the divisible pool to the States.
- Horizontal Devolution Parameters: Income Distance (42.5%), 2011 Population (17.5%), Area (10%), Forest/Ecology (10%), Demographic Performance (10%), and a new GDP Contribution (10%) parameter. Discontinued Post Devolution Revenue Deficit Grants (PDRDG).
- Article 365 (President's Rule link): If a state fails to comply with executive directions issued by the Center, it provides grounds for the President to declare a failure of constitutional machinery under Article 356.
Central Development Schemes Allocation Share (%)
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1. LEGISLATIVE RELATIONS (ARTICLES 245 TO 255)
LEGISLATIVE RELATIONS (ARTICLES 245 TO 255)
LEGISLATIVE RELATIONS (ARTICLES 245 TO 255)
| Analyze key facts and concepts related to LEGISLATIVE RELATIONS (ARTICLES 245 TO 255). | - Territorial Jurisdiction (Article 245): - Parliament can legislate for the whole or any part of the territory of India, with extra-territorial jurisdiction (laws apply to Indian citizens and property abroad). - State Legislatures can make laws only for the territory of their concerned state. - Residuary Powers (Article 248): - Vested exclusively in Parliament (includes the power to levy residuary taxes). - Parliamentary Legislation on State Subjects (Exceptions): - Article 249 (National Interest): If Rajya Sabha passes a resolution by not less than two-thirds of members present and voting, Parliament can legislate on a State List subject (valid for 1 year at a time). - Article 250 (National Emergency): Parliament is empowered to legislate on any State List subject during a National Emergency (valid until 6 months after the Emergency ends). - Article 252 (Request by States): If two or more states pass resolutions requesting Parliament to legislate, Parliament can make a law. It applies only to the consenting states, and only Parliament can amend or repeal it. - Article 253 (Treaty Implementation): Parliament can legislate on state subjects to implement international treaties, agreements, or conventions without requiring any state consent. - Article 254(2) (Repugnancy Rule): In case of a conflict between a central and state law on a Concurrent List subject, the central law prevails. However, the state law will prevail in that state if it has received the President's prior assent. |
2. ADMINISTRATIVE RELATIONS (ARTICLES 256 TO 263)
ADMINISTRATIVE RELATIONS (ARTICLES 256 TO 263)
ADMINISTRATIVE RELATIONS (ARTICLES 256 TO 263)
| Analyze key facts and concepts related to ADMINISTRATIVE RELATIONS (ARTICLES 256 TO 263). | - compliance Obligations (Article 256 & 257): - The executive power of every state must ensure compliance with laws made by Parliament. - The Center can issue directions to states regarding:
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3. FINANCIAL RELATIONS (ARTICLES 268–293) & COMMISSION REPORTS
FINANCIAL RELATIONS (ARTICLES 268–293) & COMMISSION REPORTS
FINANCIAL RELATIONS (ARTICLES 268–293) & COMMISSION REPORTS
| Analyze key facts and concepts related to FINANCIAL RELATIONS (ARTICLES 268–293) & COMMISSION REPORTS. | - Tax Distribution Structure: - Article 268: Levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by the States (e.g., stamp duties). - Article 269: Levied and collected by the Union but assigned to the States (e.g., taxes on inter-state trade). - Article 269A: Integrated GST (IGST)—shared between Center and States as recommended by the GST Council. - Article 270: Levied, collected, and shared between the Union and States based on Finance Commission recommendations. - Article 271: Surcharges are levied exclusively by the Union and are not shared with the States. GST is exempt from surcharges. - Grants-in-Aid: - Article 275 (Statutory Grants): Charged on the Consolidated Fund of India; recommended by the Finance Commission. - Article 282 (Discretionary Grants): Spent by the Center or States for public purposes; not bound by FC recommendations. ```text [Sarkaria Commission 1988] ➔ Art 356 as last resort; Eminent outsider as Governor [Punchhi Commission 2010] ➔ Localized Emergency; Impeachment for Governor removal [Kurian Joseph TN Comm 2025] ➔ Tamil Nadu State Autonomy & Federalism Committee ``` |
QUICK REVISION BOX
- Seventh Schedule: Union (100), State (61), Concurrent (52). Center prevails in concurrent conflicts.
- Article 248: Residuary powers vest exclusively in Parliament.
- Article 249: Rajya Sabha resolution (2/3rd PV) authorizes Parliament to legislate on State List (1 year).
- Article 253: Parliament can legislate on state subjects to implement international treaties.
- Article 256/257: State executive must comply with Union directions.
- Article 312: Rajya Sabha has exclusive power to launch a new All-India Service (2/3rd PV).
- Surcharges (Article 271): Vested exclusively in the Union (not shared with States).
- 16th Finance Commission: Vertical devolution maintained at 41% (Arvind Panagariya); introduces 10% GDP Contribution horizontal parameter.
- State Autonomy Committee: Kurian Joseph Committee established by Tamil Nadu in 2025.
Notes updated up to March 2026. Sources: 16th Finance Commission Report, Kurian Joseph Committee.