Global Security Treaties & Multilateral Frameworks

This section tracks the status of international agreements governing biological, nuclear, and cyber security.

1. Arms Control & Defense Treaties

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Arms Control & Defense Treaties

Arms Control & Defense Treaties

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Analyze key facts and concepts related to Arms Control & Defense Treaties.

About: 1st multilateral treaty banning an entire category of WMD (Category: Biological and Toxin Weapons). Anniversary: Celebrated 50 years (1975-2025) of entering into force. India’s Status: Signed/Ratified in 1974. International Gap: 5 States have neither signed nor acceded: Israel, Chad, Djibouti, Eritrea, and Kiribati. Domestic Law: India implements BWC via the Hazardous Micro-organisms Rules (1989) and the WMD Act (2005). INF Treaty (1987): Outcome: Russia officially ended its commitment in 2025, citing US Typhon missile deployments in the Philippines. Scope: Destruction of all ground-launched ballistic/cruise missiles with ranges of 500–5,500 km. Outer Space Treaty (OST) 1967: Mandate: Prohibits placing WMD in orbit or on celestial bodies (Moon). Stationing weapons in outer space is banned. Status: India is a signatory and has ratified the treaty. Plutonium Management & Disposition Agreement (2000): Parties: USA and Russia. Mandate: Commit to irreversibly dispose of at least 34 metric tons of weapons-grade plutonium each. Goal: Conversion into safer forms like MOX fuel.

2. Cyber Governance & Conventions

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Cyber Governance & Conventions

Cyber Governance & Conventions

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Analyze key facts and concepts related to Cyber Governance & Conventions.

Status: Adopted in Dec 2024; first universal legally binding framework for collection and sharing of electronic evidence. Secretariat: UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). India’s Stand: Not signed as of 2025. Comparison: Budapest Convention (2001): First international treaty; many states (Russia, China) reject it as "Council of Europe" centric. UN Convention: Promotes sovereign equality and territorial integrity while establishing a 24/7 network for cross-border collaboration. Pig Butchering: Romance scam blended with crypto investment fraud. Phantom Hacking: Tech support scams targeting vulnerable seniors. Juice Jacking: Data theft via public USB charging ports. Cryptojacking: Unauthorized use of target devices to mine cryptocurrency.

3. Judicial & Sovereignty Frameworks (2025)

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Judicial & Sovereignty Frameworks (2025)

Judicial & Sovereignty Frameworks (2025)

Cue Words	Notes
Analyze key facts and concepts related to Judicial & Sovereignty Frameworks (2025).	ICJ vs ICC: ICJ: Est. 1945 (UN Charter) | Principal judicial organ of UN | Disputes between States | Advisory opinions / State disputes | All 193 UN members. ICC: Est. 2002 (Rome Statute) | Independent; UNSC can refer cases | Individual criminal responsibility | Genocide, War Crimes, Crimes against Humanity | 123 State Parties (India is NOT a member). Genocide Convention (1948):
Analyze Statehood, UN Membership, and Genocide Convention criteria.	Genocide Convention (1948): Acts committed with "intent to destroy" a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group. ICJ requires intent to be the "only reasonable inference". Brazil joined South Africa's 2025 case at ICJ. Montevideo Convention (1933): 4 criteria for a State: (1) Permanent population, (2) Defined territory, (3) Government, (4) Capacity to enter into relations. UN Article 4 & Palestine Status: Membership open to "Peace-loving states" (UNSC recommendation + 2/3rd UNGA vote). Palestine holds Permanent Observer State status alongside Holy See.

4. Conclusion

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Conclusion

Conclusion

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Analyze key facts and concepts related to Conclusion.	The erosion of Cold War-era treaties (INF) alongside the birth of new frameworks (UN Cybercrime) marks a transition toward a more fragmented yet digitally focused global security architecture.

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