British Conquest and Expansion (c. 1746–1849)
1. Anglo-French Rivalry: The Carnatic Wars
- War — Period — Cause — Key Battle — Treaty — Result
- 1st Carnatic — 1746–48 — Austrian Succession — Adyar (1746) — Aix-la-Chapelle — Madras restored to English.
- 2nd Carnatic — 1748–54 — Local Succession — Ambur (1749), Arcot (1751) — Pondicherry — English dominance in Carnatic.
- 3rd Carnatic — 1756–63 — Seven Years' War — Wandiwash (1760) — Paris — Ended French ambitions.
2. Conquest of Bengal
Battle of Plassey (1757)
- Parties: Robert Clive vs Siraj-ud-Daulah.
- Cause: Misuse of Dastaks; Fortification of Fort William; Black Hole Tragedy.
- Outcome: Mir Jafar made Nawab; Robert Clive became Governor of Bengal.
Battle of Buxar (1764)
- Parties: Hector Munro vs Combined Army (Mir Qasim + Shuja-ud-Daulah of Awadh + Shah Alam II).
- Outcome: Treaty of Allahabad (1765).
- British got Diwani Rights (revenue collection) for Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa.
- Dual Government introduced by Clive (ended by Warren Hastings).
3. Anglo-Mysore Wars
- War — Period — Governor-General — Treaty — Key Notes
- 1st — 1767–69 — Verelst — Madras — Hyder Ali defeated the British.
- 2nd — 1780–84 — Warren Hastings — Mangalore — Hyder Ali died (1782); Tipu took over.
- 3rd — 1790–92 — Cornwallis — Seringapatnam — Tipu lost half his territory.
- 4th — 1799 — Wellesley — -- — Tipu Sultan died in battle.
4. Anglo-Maratha Wars
- War — Period — Governor-General — Treaty — Key Notes
- 1st — 1775–82 — Warren Hastings — Salbai (1782) — Treaty of Surat/Purandhar involved.
- 2nd — 1803–05 — Wellesley — Bassein (1802) — Subsidiary Alliance forced on Peshwa.
- 3rd — 1817–18 — Hastings — -- — Peshwaship abolished; Satara created.
5. Annexation of Sindh and Punjab
Annexation of Sindh (1843)
- Lead: Charles Napier.
- Famous Quote: "Peccavi" (I have sinned/Sind).
Anglo-Sikh Wars
- 1st (1845–46): Battle of Sabraon (decisive). Treaty of Lahore (1846): Ceded Jalandhar Doab; British Resident (Sir Henry Lawrence) appointed at Lahore.
- Treaty of Bhairowal (1846): Removed Rani Jind Kaur as regent; established a regency council for Punjab (8 Sikh sardars) presided over by Henry Lawrence.
- 2nd (1848–49): Annexation of Punjab by Lord Dalhousie.
- Board of Commissioners: Henry Lawrence, John Lawrence, Charles Mansel.
British Conquest and Expansion (c. 1746–1849)
1. Anglo-French Rivalry: The Carnatic Wars
- War — Period — Cause — Key Battle — Treaty — Result
- 1st Carnatic — 1746–48 — Austrian Succession — Adyar (1746) — Aix-la-Chapelle — Madras restored to English.
- 2nd Carnatic — 1748–54 — Local Succession — Ambur (1749), Arcot (1751) — Pondicherry — English dominance in Carnatic.
- 3rd Carnatic — 1756–63 — Seven Years' War — Wandiwash (1760) — Paris — Ended French ambitions.
2. Conquest of Bengal
Battle of Plassey (1757)
- Parties: Robert Clive vs Siraj-ud-Daulah.
- Cause: Misuse of Dastaks; Fortification of Fort William; Black Hole Tragedy.
- Outcome: Mir Jafar made Nawab; Robert Clive became Governor of Bengal.
Battle of Buxar (1764)
- Parties: Hector Munro vs Combined Army (Mir Qasim + Shuja-ud-Daulah of Awadh + Shah Alam II).
- Outcome: Treaty of Allahabad (1765).
- British got Diwani Rights (revenue collection) for Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa.
- Dual Government introduced by Clive (ended by Warren Hastings).
3. Anglo-Mysore Wars
- War — Period — Governor-General — Treaty — Key Notes
- 1st — 1767–69 — Verelst — Madras — Hyder Ali defeated the British.
- 2nd — 1780–84 — Warren Hastings — Mangalore — Hyder Ali died (1782); Tipu took over.
- 3rd — 1790–92 — Cornwallis — Seringapatnam — Tipu lost half his territory.
- 4th — 1799 — Wellesley — -- — Tipu Sultan died in battle.
4. Anglo-Maratha Wars
- War — Period — Governor-General — Treaty — Key Notes
- 1st — 1775–82 — Warren Hastings — Salbai (1782) — Treaty of Surat/Purandhar involved.
- 2nd — 1803–05 — Wellesley — Bassein (1802) — Subsidiary Alliance forced on Peshwa.
- 3rd — 1817–18 — Hastings — -- — Peshwaship abolished; Satara created.
5. Annexation of Sindh and Punjab
Annexation of Sindh (1843)
- Lead: Charles Napier.
- Famous Quote: "Peccavi" (I have sinned/Sind).
Anglo-Sikh Wars
- 1st (1845–46): Battle of Sabraon (decisive). Treaty of Lahore (1846): Ceded Jalandhar Doab; British Resident (Sir Henry Lawrence) appointed at Lahore.
- Treaty of Bhairowal (1846): Removed Rani Jind Kaur as regent; established a regency council for Punjab (8 Sikh sardars) presided over by Henry Lawrence.
- 2nd (1848–49): Annexation of Punjab by Lord Dalhousie.
- Board of Commissioners: Henry Lawrence, John Lawrence, Charles Mansel.